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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

37
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
37
Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

1.3K
RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Hepatic Portal System01:21

Hepatic Portal System

7.8K
The hepatic portal system, a critical part of our circulatory framework, transports nutrient-laden, deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver. This ingenious system plays an indispensable role in maintaining our body's metabolic equilibrium.
At its core, the hepatic portal vein is the result of a confluence of the superior and inferior mesenteric veins along with the splenic vein. Each of these veins has a unique role. The superior mesenteric vein is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication
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A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Published on: June 26, 2014

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An update on hepatitis C virus.

Paul Klenerman1, Karen Fitzmaurice2

  • 1Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK paul.klenerman@medawar.ox.ac.uk.

Clinical Medicine (London, England)
|December 5, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New oral antiviral agents offer significant benefits for treating chronic hepatitis C virus infection, improving patient outcomes. Ongoing research addresses remaining challenges in hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment and pathogenesis.

Keywords:
HCVHLAT cellsdirect-acting antiviralsvaccines

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major global cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • Significant advancements have been made in understanding HCV immunopathogenesis.
  • Therapeutic options for HCV have seen revolutionary developments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments in basic and translational research for hepatitis C virus infection.
  • To highlight progress in understanding HCV immunopathogenesis.
  • To discuss advancements in HCV therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on hepatitis C virus.
  • Analysis of basic science research findings.
  • Evaluation of translational research outcomes.

Main Results:

  • New oral antiviral agents demonstrate high efficacy and tolerability in most patients.
  • These agents have led to major improvements in patient outcomes.
  • Certain clinical scenarios in HCV management remain challenging.

Conclusions:

  • Oral antiviral therapy represents a major breakthrough in hepatitis C virus treatment.
  • Continued research is crucial for addressing complex clinical situations in HCV.
  • Advances in understanding and treating HCV infection are rapidly evolving.