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Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

Precipitation of Ions

Precipitation of Ions

Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...

Electrolysis

Electrolysis

In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...

Qualitative Analysis

Qualitative Analysis

For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...

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Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopic Identification of Dispersant/Particle Bonding Mechanisms in Functional Inks

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Crystal behavior of potassium bromate under compression.

David Santamaría-Pérez¹, Raquel Chulia-Jordan¹, Placida Rodríguez-Hernández²

¹Departamento de Física Aplicada-ICMUV, Universidad de Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Valencia, Spain.

Acta Crystallographica Section B, Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials

|December 5, 2015

Summary

High-pressure studies reveal potassium bromate (KBrO3) does not undergo phase transitions below 15 GPa. Calculations predict a transition to a perovskite-type structure around 152 GPa due to atomic rearrangements.

Keywords:

B1–B2 phase transition Buerger mechanism equation-of-state high pressure potassium bromate

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Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

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Published on: September 5, 2014

Area of Science:

Solid State Chemistry
Materials Science
High-Pressure Physics

Background:

Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is a crystalline material with potential applications in various fields.
Understanding its behavior under high pressure is crucial for predicting its stability and potential phase transitions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the high-pressure behavior of KBrO3 using experimental and computational methods.
To determine the bulk modulus and pressure derivative of KBrO3.
To elucidate the structural evolution of KBrO3 under extreme pressure conditions.

Main Methods:

High-pressure angle-dispersive X-ray diffraction up to 15 GPa.
Ab initio total-energy calculations up to 242 GPa.
Analysis of atomic rearrangements and structural symmetries.

Main Results:

No phase transition was observed in KBrO3 below 15 GPa, contrary to previous reports.
Experimental bulk modulus (B0) is 18.8(9) GPa with B'0 = 8.2(4).
Calculations predict a transition to a perovskite-type structure around 152 GPa via progressive approach to cubic symmetry.

Conclusions:

The high-pressure behavior of KBrO3 is characterized by atomic rearrangements rather than abrupt phase transitions below 15 GPa.
The observed structural evolution is linked to Buerger's mechanism, common in halide phase transitions.
This study provides new insights into the compressibility and structural stability of halates under pressure.