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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Microscopy Techniques01:22

Overview of Microscopy Techniques

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The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes that leveraged nonvisible light, such as fluorescence microscopy that uses an ultraviolet light source and electron microscopy that uses short-wavelength electron beams. These advances significantly improved magnification, image resolution, and contrast. By comparison, the...
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Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
Fundamental Principles
Accelerated...
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Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
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Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy01:37

Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy

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Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (SRFM) provides a better resolution than conventional fluorescence microscopy by reducing the point spread function (PSF). PSF is the light intensity distribution from a point that causes it to appear blurred. Due to PSF, each fluorescing point appears bigger than its actual size, and it is the PSF interference of nearby fluorophores that causes the blurred image. Various approaches to achieving higher resolution through SRFM have recently been...
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Atomic Force Microscopy01:08

Atomic Force Microscopy

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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
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The probe is regarded as the heart of any AFM setup and comprises the...
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Overview of Electron Microscopy01:25

Overview of Electron Microscopy

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The wavelengths of visible light ultimately limit the maximum theoretical resolution of images created by light microscopes. Most light microscopes can only magnify 1000X, and a few can magnify up to 1500X. Electrons, like electromagnetic radiation, can behave like waves, but with wavelengths of 0.005 nm, they produce significantly greater resolution up to 0.05 nm as compared to 500 nm for visible light. An electron microscope (EM) can create a sharp image that is magnified up to 2,000,000X.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
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Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

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Deciphering the Complex Chemistry of Deep-Ocean Particles Using Complementary Synchrotron X-ray Microscope and

Brandy M Toner1, Christopher R German2, Gregory J Dick3

  • 1Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities , St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States.

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Advanced X-ray tools reveal the complex chemistry of deep-ocean particles, crucial for understanding global element cycles and marine life. These techniques offer unprecedented insights into the composition and reactivity of hydrothermal vent particles.

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In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis
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Related Experiment Videos

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Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
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Using Synchrotron Radiation Microtomography to Investigate Multi-scale Three-dimensional Microelectronic Packages
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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Oceanography
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Marine particles are critical for Earth surface system functioning, influencing global element cycles (e.g., carbon, iron).
  • Understanding the chemical composition of these particles is key to deciphering their reactivity and mobility in the ocean.
  • Hydrothermal vents release plumes with dynamic particle-forming reactions, impacting ocean budgets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the role of synchrotron radiation instruments in analyzing the complex chemistry of natural marine particles.
  • To demonstrate how advanced analytical tools are transforming the study of deep-ocean chemistry and life.
  • To explain the capabilities of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for particle analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a suite of complementary synchrotron radiation instruments with nano- and micrometer focusing capabilities.
  • Employed X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for detailed chemical analysis.
  • Applied X-ray microscopes and microprobes for elemental imaging and spatial resolution from nanometer to millimeter scales.

Main Results:

  • Synchrotron-based XAS and XRD provide detailed chemical speciation of organic and inorganic constituents within complex particle matrices.
  • These techniques enable analysis of minute sample quantities with high signal-to-noise ratios.
  • Spatial resolution down to the nanometer scale reveals the heterogeneity of hydrothermal plume particles, including their association with microbial communities.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced synchrotron techniques offer powerful capabilities for investigating the complex chemistry, size, and morphology of marine particles.
  • Understanding particle chemistry is vital for predicting their role in biogeochemical processes, microbial interactions, and sediment delivery.
  • These analytical advancements are crucial for coupled physical-chemical-biological modeling of deep-ocean systems.