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Related Concept Videos

ATP Energy Storage and Release01:31

ATP Energy Storage and Release

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ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
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Hydrolysis of ATP01:08

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The bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be broken through the addition of water, releasing one or two phosphate groups in an exergonic process called hydrolysis. This reaction liberates the energy in the bonds for use in the cell—for instance, to synthesize proteins from amino acids.
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ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a critical molecule that functions as the main energy carrier in cells. Structurally, ATP consists of an adenosine molecule—comprising adenine and ribose—bonded to three phosphate groups. The high-energy bonds between these phosphate groups store significant amounts of potential energy. This energy is released during hydrolysis, wherein ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP), driving a variety of essential...
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Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production
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Hybrid integrated biological-solid-state system powered with adenosine triphosphate.

Jared M Roseman1, Jianxun Lin1, Siddharth Ramakrishnan2

  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.

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|December 8, 2015
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Summary

Researchers successfully powered an integrated circuit using isolated biological ion pumps. This hybrid system harnesses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy, demonstrating a novel approach for bio-electronic devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Bio-electronic engineering
  • Biophysics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Hybrid systems combining biological and solid-state components offer significant potential.
  • Previous efforts focused on harnessing power from whole living systems, like plants and animals.
  • This study explores isolating biological energetics in an in vitro setting.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the first successful isolation of an electrogenic ion pump's energetics in an engineered in vitro environment.
  • To power an artificial system, specifically a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit, using isolated biological components.
  • To establish a proof-of-concept for bio-hybrid power sources.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Na(+)/K(+) adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) embedded in an in vitro lipid bilayer membrane.
  • Isolated the energetics of these ion pumps in a controlled experimental setup.
  • Integrated the ion pump system with a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor integrated circuit.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a short-circuit current of 32.6 pA/mm² and an open-circuit voltage of 78 mV from a single bilayer with over 2 × 10⁶ ion pumps/mm².
  • Demonstrated a maximum power transfer of 1.27 pW/mm² from a single bilayer.
  • Successfully operated an integrated circuit using two series-stacked bilayers, achieving a chemical to electrical energy conversion efficiency of 14.9%.

Conclusions:

  • The successful isolation and utilization of electrogenic ion pumps represent a significant advancement in bio-hybrid engineered systems.
  • This work validates the potential of using isolated biological components to power artificial electronic devices.
  • The demonstrated efficiency and power output suggest a promising future for ATP-powered bio-integrated electronics.