Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

16.6K
Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
16.6K
Human Genetics01:28

Human Genetics

1.9K
Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
The complex relationship between genetics and psychology is observable through common biological components such...
1.9K
Modern Molecular Taxonomy01:29

Modern Molecular Taxonomy

834
Advancements in molecular biology have revolutionized the identification and characterization of bacteria, with multiple methods leveraging DNA sequencing for enhanced precision. As sequencing technologies improve and costs decline, these approaches are increasingly used in clinical, environmental, and evolutionary studies.Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) examines several housekeeping genes, essential chromosomal genes encoding cellular functions, to distinguish strains. Approximately...
834
Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

48
Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
48
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

7.2K
Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
7.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Performance of Polygenic Risk Scores for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in the All of Us Program.

Circulation. Genomic and precision medicine·2026
Same author

A decision-oriented framework for genomic testing across the prostate cancer continuum.

Cancer genetics·2026
Same author

Polygenic scores for risk of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: evaluation of novel and published models.

NPJ precision oncology·2026
Same author

Personalized Environment and Genes Study (PEGS) Dataset-a resource for genomic, exposomic, and geospatial data.

Scientific data·2026
Same author

Recommendations for responsible use of population descriptors in polygenic risk score development.

Nature genetics·2025
Same author

Admixture Mapping of Lipid Traits in Hispanic Americans.

Journal of the American Heart Association·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
11:22

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

Published on: October 15, 2019

31.5K

Small Sample Kernel Association Tests for Human Genetic and Microbiome Association Studies.

Jun Chen1, Wenan Chen1, Ni Zhao2

  • 1Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America.

Genetic Epidemiology
|December 9, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces an exact test for Kernel Association Tests (KAT) to address small sample size issues in genetic and microbiome studies. The new method improves association detection power without computationally intensive resampling.

Keywords:
exact testskernel machine based association testsoverdispersionsmall sample problem

More Related Videos

An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations
10:17

An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations

Published on: November 3, 2010

23.4K
Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry
05:53

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 21, 2018

10.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
11:22

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

Published on: October 15, 2019

31.5K
An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations
10:17

An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations

Published on: November 3, 2010

23.4K
Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry
05:53

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 21, 2018

10.8K

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Microbiome Research
  • Statistical Genetics

Background:

  • Kernel machine based association tests (KAT) are powerful for complex relationships but suffer from conservatism in small samples.
  • Existing solutions for small sample sizes often involve computationally intensive resampling methods.
  • Microbiome and human genetic association studies are key applications where KAT is utilized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an exact test for KAT with continuous traits to overcome small sample conservatism.
  • To propose and evaluate a powerful approximate test for KAT with binary traits.
  • To provide a computationally efficient alternative to resampling methods for association testing.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of an exact test for KAT applicable to continuous traits.
  • Development of a similar approximate test for KAT with binary traits.
  • Extensive simulations and application to a real microbiome association study for validation.

Main Results:

  • The exact test resolves small sample conservatism in KAT for continuous traits.
  • The proposed approximate test shows high power for various kernels (variant- and microbiome-based) with binary traits.
  • The approximate test maintains good type I error control, outperforming sequence kernel association tests in small sample adjustments.

Conclusions:

  • The novel exact and approximate tests offer improved power and reliability for KAT in small sample settings.
  • These methods provide a computationally efficient solution for microbiome and genetic association studies.
  • The developed tests demonstrate significant utility in real-world association studies.