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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview01:21

Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview

3.3K
When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...
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Drug Excretion: Miscellaneous Routes01:10

Drug Excretion: Miscellaneous Routes

461
Drug excretion involves various organs, including the liver, intestines, skin, and eyes. In the case of drugs or toxins, they can be actively secreted into bile by transporters in the hepatocyte's canalicular membrane. These substances enter the GI tract during digestion and may be reabsorbed into the body from the intestine. This process, known as enterohepatic recycling, can significantly prolong the presence and effects of a substance in the body. To interrupt this cycle, specific...
461
Drug Excretion: Pulmonary and Glandular Routes01:22

Drug Excretion: Pulmonary and Glandular Routes

897
Gaseous substances like general anesthetics are absorbed and excreted through the lungs via simple diffusion. This process depends on factors such as pulmonary blood flow, respiration rate, and the substance's solubility. Gaseous anesthetics like nitrous oxide with low blood solubility are excreted rapidly, while compounds like alcohol, with high blood and tissue solubility, are excreted slowly.
Drugs can also be excreted in breast milk, which is crucial for breastfeeding infants. The...
897
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

738
Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
738
Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics01:23

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics

1.6K
Respiratory symptoms, such as congestion and cough, commonly accompany respiratory tract conditions. Various medications, such as antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics, play crucial roles in providing relief.
Antitussives include codeine, dextromethorphan (Robitussin), and benzonatate (Tessalon). Codeine and dextromethorphan exert their effects centrally by suppressing the cough reflex center in the medulla.  Benzonatate operates peripherally within the respiratory tract by...
1.6K
Drug Elimination: Non-Renal Routes01:23

Drug Elimination: Non-Renal Routes

3.5K
The liver plays a pivotal role in eliminating drugs and their metabolites, primarily through a process known as biliary excretion. This process involves the hepatocytes, the primary cells in the liver that generate bile. A range of transporters actively expels polar drugs or hydrophilic drug metabolites into the bile, which transports the drugs and metabolites into the small intestine. From here, they are eventually expelled from the body through feces. In some instances, the original drug or a...
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Related Experiment Videos

Drugs in breastfeeding.

Neil Hotham1, Elizabeth Hotham2

  • 1Australian Medicines Handbook.

Australian Prescriber
|December 10, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Most common medications are safe for breastfeeding infants, with minimal drug transfer through milk. However, certain drugs like anticancer agents and lithium are contraindicated, requiring careful consideration of infant safety.

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Pediatrics
  • Lactation

Background:

  • Many commonly used medications are considered safe for use during breastfeeding.
  • The infant's dose of medication via breast milk is typically low and well below established safe infant dosages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To inform healthcare providers and mothers about medication safety during breastfeeding.
  • To outline principles of drug transfer into breast milk and potential infant risks.
  • To identify specific drugs contraindicated during lactation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on drug transfer into human milk.
  • Analysis of dosage calculations for infant exposure via breast milk.
  • Compilation of a list of contraindicated medications during breastfeeding.
Keywords:
lactationmedication safety

Related Experiment Videos

Main Results:

  • Most drugs pose minimal risk to breastfed infants due to low milk transfer.
  • Specific drugs, including anticancer drugs, lithium, oral retinoids, iodine, amiodarone, and gold salts, are contraindicated.
  • Understanding drug pharmacokinetics and infant susceptibility is crucial for risk assessment.

Conclusions:

  • Healthcare providers should counsel breastfeeding mothers on medication safety, addressing potential misinformation.
  • Utilizing reliable resources, such as state-based medicines information services, is recommended for accurate guidance.
  • Informed decision-making supports continued breastfeeding while ensuring infant well-being.