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Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...

Precipitation Gravimetry

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...

Precipitation Processes

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

Types of Coprecipitation

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Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...

Doppler Effect - II

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The Doppler effect has several practical, real-world applications. For instance, meteorologists use Doppler radars to interpret weather events based on the Doppler effect. Typically, a transmitter emits radio waves at a specific frequency toward the sky from a weather station. The radio waves bounce off the clouds and precipitation and travel back to the weather station. The radio frequency of the waves reflected back to the station appears to decrease if the clouds or precipitation are moving...

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The precipitation titration curve demonstrates the change in concentration of one reactant with the volume of titrant added. During the titration of chloride ions with silver nitrate, the precipitation titration curve is divided into three regions: before, at, and after the equivalence point. Before the equivalence point, low redissolution of the sparingly soluble silver chloride precipitate gives a low silver ion concentration. However, in the second region, representing the equivalence point,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Tracking Infiltration Front Depth Using Time-lapse Multi-offset Gathers Collected with Array Antenna Ground Penetrating Radar

Tracking Infiltration Front Depth Using Time-lapse Multi-offset Gathers Collected with Array Antenna Ground Penetrating Radar

Published on: May 1, 2018

Comparison of radar data versus rainfall data.

B Espinosa¹, T V Hromadka², R Perez¹

¹Hromadka & Associates, 29809 Santa Margarita Parkway Suite 102, RSM, CA 92688, United States.

|December 10, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Doppler radar rainfall estimates require ground-truthing. Topography can interfere with radar accuracy, necessitating calibration with rain gage data for reliable rainfall interpolation.

Keywords:

Calibration Doppler radar Ground-truth Radar Rainfall data accuracy check Topographic interference

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Area of Science:

Hydrology
Meteorology
Remote Sensing

Background:

Doppler radar data are increasingly utilized in rainfall-runoff synthesis.
Concerns exist regarding the accuracy and veracity of radar rainfall estimates.
Severe storm events provide unique opportunities to assess radar performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the accuracy of Doppler radar rainfall estimates.
To compare radar-derived rainfall data with actual rain gage measurements.
To identify factors influencing discrepancies between radar and rain gage data.

Main Methods:

Comparison of three Doppler radar rainfall estimates with rain gage data.
Analysis of data from two intense, short-duration severe storm events.
Evaluation of topographic interference on radar data quality.

Main Results:

Significant differences observed between radar and rain gage readings.
Topographic interference identified as a major factor affecting radar accuracy.
Radar data requires calibration using rain gage data for accurate interpolation.

Conclusions:

Ground-truthing of Doppler radar data is essential for reliable hydrological studies.
Topographic effects must be considered when interpreting radar rainfall measurements.
Calibrated radar data can improve rainfall estimation between sparse rain gage networks.