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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury
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Olfactory function in acute traumatic brain injury.

J Frasnelli1, M Laguë-Beauvais2, J LeBlanc2

  • 1Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Research Chair UQTR Chemosensory Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, University of Quebec in Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada.

Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery
|December 15, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Olfactory dysfunction after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is linked to the duration of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), not injury severity. Early olfactory evaluation is crucial for managing TBI-related smell impairment.

Keywords:
Craniocerebral traumaOlfactionOlfactory perceptionSmell

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Otolaryngology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability.
  • Olfactory dysfunction is a common consequence of TBI, but its relationship with injury severity is understudied.
  • Validated methods are needed to assess olfactory problems in the early stages post-TBI.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between TBI severity and olfactory dysfunction using standardized methods.
  • To assess olfactory function and parosmia in TBI patients within the first 12 days post-trauma.

Main Methods:

  • Olfactory function was measured using the Sniffin' Sticks identification test (quantitative).
  • Parosmia was assessed via a questionnaire (qualitative).
  • TBI severity was evaluated using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and duration of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA).

Main Results:

  • Lower olfactory scores correlated with longer PTA duration.
  • Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores did not correlate with olfactory function.
  • Assault victims reported higher parosmia rates compared to fall or motor vehicle accident victims.

Conclusions:

  • Post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) duration is closely related to olfactory problems after TBI.
  • Early and thorough olfactory assessment is vital for detecting and managing post-TBI olfactory dysfunction.
  • Prompt intervention can help individuals cope with olfactory impairments following TBI.