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Related Concept Videos

The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Auscultation is a crucial component of the physical assessment of the respiratory tract. It offers valuable insights into airflow through the bronchial tree and potential lung obstructions. This process involves careful listening to breath, voice, and adventitious sounds, which can reveal a wealth of information about a patient's respiratory health.
Breath Sounds
Breath sounds are categorized into vesicular, bronchovesicular, and bronchial.
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Heart Sounds01:15

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Heart sounds are generated by the turbulence in blood flow due to the closing of heart valves. These sounds are best perceived slightly away from the valves, where the blood flow disseminates the sound.
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Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

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The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
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Echo01:06

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The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
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Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Otoacoustic Emissions.

T J Glattke, S G Kujawa

    American Journal of Audiology
    |December 15, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Otoacoustic emissions, low-intensity sounds from the cochlea, offer a unique window into auditory periphery function. These emissions show promise for sensitive, non-invasive hearing loss screening and detailed cochlear assessment.

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    Area of Science:

    • Auditory Neuroscience
    • Otoacoustic Emissions Research
    • Diagnostic Audiology

    Background:

    • Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) are low-intensity sounds generated in the cochlea.
    • They are transmitted via the middle ear and detected in the ear canal.
    • OAEs offer a non-invasive acoustic window into cochlear function.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the nature and diagnostic potential of otoacoustic emissions.
    • To investigate spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) and their response to stimuli.
    • To evaluate evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOAEs) for hearing loss screening and cochlear assessment.

    Main Methods:

    • Detection of OAEs using sensitive microphones and signal processing techniques (filtering, averaging).
    • Stimulation with tonal, click, or continuous tones to evoke emissions.
    • Analysis of emission suppression by ipsilateral and contralateral auditory stimuli.

    Main Results:

    • Spontaneous OAEs occur in ~40% of individuals with normal hearing.
    • Emission suppression patterns correlate with cochlear hair cell and auditory nerve activity.
    • Evoked OAEs are compromised by cochlear dysfunction and show potential for hearing screening.

    Conclusions:

    • OAEs provide frequency-specific insights into cochlear status.
    • Transient-evoked OAEs (TEOAEs) show comparable screening yields to auditory brainstem responses.
    • Distortion-product OAEs (DPOAEs) allow detailed scanning of the cochlear partition, aiding lesion site identification.