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Hyperconjugative and Electrostatic Interactions as Anomeric Triggers in Archetypical 1,4-Dioxane Derivatives
Pilar Gema Rodríguez Ortega1, Manuel Montejo2, Juan Jesús López González2
1Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain. mrortega@ujaen.es.
The anomeric effect in six-membered heterocycles is explained by combined hyperconjugation and electrostatic factors, not a single cause. Polar solvents favor the beta-anomer by reducing electrostatic repulsion.
Area of Science:
- Carbohydrate Chemistry
- Organic Chemistry
- Computational Chemistry
Background:
- The anomeric effect explains the stability of axial substituents in six-membered heterocycles.
- Current theories attribute this effect to either hyperconjugation or electrostatic interactions.
- No consensus exists on the primary driving force behind the anomeric effect.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the roles of hyperconjugative and electrostatic factors in the anomeric effect.
- To analyze the influence of the solvation environment on anomeric preferences.
- To study two archetypal 1,4-dioxane derivatives.
Main Methods:
- Combined theoretical and experimental approaches.
- Infrared (IR) and Vibrational Circular Dichroism (VCD) spectroscopies.
- Computational chemistry techniques, including Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) energy partitioning.
Main Results:
- VCD and IR spectroscopies identified conformational preferences.
- Experimental spectral profiles correlated with theoretical predictions of anomeric ratios in different solvents.
- NBO analysis detailed the interplay of hyperconjugation and electrostatic interactions.
Conclusions:
- The anomeric equilibrium results from a combination of hyperconjugation and electrostatic repulsions.
- The preference for the beta-anomer in polar solvents is driven by attenuated electrostatic repulsions.
- A single stereoelectronic effect is insufficient to describe the anomeric equilibrium.
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