[Childhood and adolescent diabetes in Japan]

The glycemic control in Japanese children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes has been improved with emphasis on increase in target level of HbA1c<7.5% and decrease in risk level ≥ 9%. It may be due to increase the basal-bolus insulin therapy in almost all patients across ages, especially pubertal ages, following the use of rapid acting insulin analogues and long-acting analogues. Regarding to type 2 diabetes, little improvement has been observed because of the lack of enough skill to guide. The interruption of therapy or visiting medical resources may be a big burden. Monogenic diabetes has been more frequently found from previously diagnosed type 1B diabetes and type 2 diabetes. MODY genes can be noticed in children from urine-screening program, with the history of low-birth weight, even not having family history of diabetes and so on.