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The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
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The importance of understanding acceleration spans our day-to-day experiences, as well as the vast reaches of outer space and the tiny world of subatomic physics. In everyday conversation, to accelerate means to speed up. For instance, we are familiar with the acceleration of our car; the harder we apply our foot to the gas pedal, the faster we accelerate. The greater the acceleration, the greater the change in velocity over a given time. Acceleration is widely seen in experimental physics. In...
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To analyze a hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel with a flow speed of 6 meters per second, follow these steps:Calculate Effective Upstream Velocity:When the downstream gate closes, a hydraulic jump forms, traveling upstream at 2 meters per second. This wave speed combines with the initial channel flow velocity, creating an effective upstream velocity.Identify Flow Velocities Before and After the Hydraulic Jump:Upstream of the hydraulic jump, the effective flow velocity includes both the...
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An Innovative Running Wheel-based Mechanism for Improved Rat Training Performance
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Dogs lap using acceleration-driven open pumping.

Sean Gart1, John J Socha1, Pavlos P Vlachos2

  • 1Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061;

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|December 16, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dogs drink by lapping, not sucking, due to incomplete cheeks. Their tongue dynamics create a liquid column, governed by acceleration, allowing them to drink effectively.

Keywords:
biomechanicsdrinkinglappingopen pumping

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Animal biomechanics
  • Comparative physiology

Background:

  • Dogs possess incomplete cheeks, preventing suction-based drinking.
  • Understanding canine drinking mechanisms requires analyzing tongue-liquid interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hydrodynamics of how dogs lap liquid.
  • To develop a physical model explaining the tongue's role in canine drinking.
  • To compare the lapping physics of dogs and cats.

Main Methods:

  • Measured lapping behavior in 19 dogs.
  • Generated a physical model of the tongue-fluid interface.
  • Analyzed the fluid dynamics of liquid column formation during lapping.

Main Results:

  • Dog lapping frequency is governed by acceleration effects.
  • Tongue curling enhances liquid column formation in dogs.
  • Dogs operate in an unsteady inertial lapping regime, unlike cats' steady inertial regime.

Conclusions:

  • Canine lapping exploits fluid dynamics, particularly acceleration, for efficient drinking.
  • Tongue morphology and lapping technique differ significantly between dogs and cats.
  • The study provides insights into the biomechanics of liquid intake in carnivores.