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Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Paramagnetism01:30

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Magnetoelectricity coupled exchange bias in BaMnF4.

Shuang Zhou1, Ji Wang2,3, Xiaofeng Chang2,4

  • 1Department of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, &Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, &Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.

Scientific Reports
|December 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized multiferroic BaMnF4 powder, revealing weak ferromagnetism and a bulk exchange bias effect driven by magnetoelectric coupling. This study elucidates the interplay between magnetic transitions and the unique properties of this single-phase material.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Magnetism

Background:

  • Multiferroic materials exhibit coupled ferroic orders, offering potential for novel device applications.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of exchange bias in single-phase multiferroics is crucial for their technological advancement.
  • Barium Manganese Fluoride (BaMnF4) is a material of interest for its potential multiferroic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize multiferroic BaMnF4 powder using a hydrothermal method.
  • To investigate the magnetic properties, including weak ferromagnetism and exchange bias.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanism of exchange bias in single-phase BaMnF4.

Main Methods:

  • Hydrothermal synthesis for BaMnF4 powder preparation.
  • Magnetic measurements, including field-dependent magnetization curves at low temperatures (5 K).
  • Temperature-dependent magnetization measurements (zero-field cooled) to identify magnetic transitions.

Main Results:

  • Hysteretic magnetization curves at 5 K confirmed weak ferromagnetism arising from canted antiferromagnetic spins via magnetoelectric coupling.
  • A blocking temperature of 65 K for exchange bias coincided with the onset of two-dimensional antiferromagnetism.
  • An upturn in exchange field and coercivity below 40 K indicated a 2D to 3D antiferromagnetic transition near the Néel temperature (~26 K).

Conclusions:

  • The exchange bias in BaMnF4 is demonstrated to be a bulk effect within a single phase, not an interfacial effect.
  • Magnetization pinning is attributed to the polarization mediated by magnetoelectric coupling, a departure from conventional mechanisms.
  • The findings highlight the significance of magnetoelectric coupling in driving magnetic phenomena in BaMnF4.