Metabolic Syndrome and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: Epidemiological Study

Increasing evidence from clinical and epidemiological studies has shown associations between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and major chronic medical diseases. Recent epidemiological studies have revealed that, to a large extent, lifestyle factors associated with metabolism, such as obesity, physical activity, blood glucose, and diet, contribute substantially to the development of these conditions. Multiple studies have demonstrated strong independent associations between LUTS and components of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, modification of lifestyle factors may lower the risk of LUTS. Prevalence of MS is age-dependent with gender differences, and LUTS have different manifestations in men and women. LUTS-associated benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) have multiple evidence of correlation with MS factors; however, results were inconsistent in their correlation among prostate volume and prostate-specific antigen. There is limited data on female LUTS or other diseases such as urinary incontinence or overactive bladder and MS. Further research is required to understand their connection in the pathogenesis of LUTS and to establish a more effective prevention and a therapeutic model.