Obsessive-compulsive disorder: its conceptual history in France during the 19th century

Until the 1850s, obsessive-compulsive phenomena were considered to be a variant of the old notion of insanity. Around this time they became a separate disease: first, as a member of the old class of the neuroses; then, briefly, as a variant of the newly formed notion of psychosis; and finally, as a neurosis proper (in the post-1880s sense). These changes reflected theoretical shifts in the definition of the grand psychiatric categories. After 1860, organic causal hypotheses for OCD included dysfunctions of the autonomic nervous system and cortical blood supply. Psychological hypotheses suggested the OCD might result from volitional, intellectual, or emotional impairment, the last of which predominated after 1890. Issues relating OCD to personality types and hereditability were dealt with in terms of the degeneration theory. By the late 1880s, OCD achieved full clinical and nosological definition.