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Effect of processing on polyamine content and bioactive peptides released after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion
C Gómez-Gallego1, I Recio2, V Gómez-Gómez1
1Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30071, Espinardo (Murcia), Spain.
Insights
Infant formula processing impacts polyamines and bioactive peptides. Manufacturing reduces polyamines over time, affecting infant nutrition and development compared to human milk.
Area of Science:
- Food Science and Technology
- Nutritional Biochemistry
- Pediatric Nutrition
Background:
- Infant formula composition differs from human milk, potentially impacting infant health outcomes.
- Polyamines and specific peptides in infant formula may undergo changes during manufacturing and storage.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the effects of infant formula processing on polyamine content and peptide release post-digestion.
- To analyze the impact of manufacturing on protein digestibility and the generation of bioactive peptides.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of polyamine oxidase activity during infant formula manufacturing.
- In vitro gastrointestinal digestion simulating infant digestion.
- Gel electrophoresis and nonprotein nitrogen analysis to assess protein digestibility.
- Peptide identification using mass spectrometry.
Main Results:
- Manufacturing did not suppress polyamine oxidase activity, leading to reduced polyamine concentrations over formula shelf-life.
- Increased protein digestibility was observed with reduced enzyme concentration and digestion time, indicated by higher nonprotein nitrogen and altered electrophoretic bands.
- 22-87 peptides were identified post-digestion, including a bioactive peptide (VKEAMAPK) from β-casein with antioxidant activity present in all samples.
- Other frequently found peptides exhibited antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antimicrobial properties.
Conclusions:
- The infant formula manufacturing process significantly influences the final polyamine content and peptide profile after digestion.
- Compositional differences in polyamines and peptides between human milk and infant formula may contribute to observed health disparities.
- These processing-induced changes are critical considerations for infant nutrition and development.
Abstract:
This study examined the influence of processing on polyamines and peptide release after the digestion of a commercial infant formula designed for children during the first months of life. Polyamine oxidase activity was not suppressed during the manufacturing process, which implicates that polyamine concentrations were reduced over time and during infant formula self-life. In gel electrophoresis, in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of samples with reduced amount of enzymes and time of digestion shows an increase in protein digestibility, reflected in the increase in nonprotein nitrogen after digestion and the disappearance of β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin bands in gel electrophoresis. Depending on the sample, between 22 and 87 peptides were identified after gastrointestinal digestion. A peptide from β-casein f(98-105) with the sequence VKEAMAPK and antioxidant activity appeared in all of the samples. Other peptides with antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antimicrobial activities were frequently found, which could have an effect on infant health. The present study confirms that the infant formula manufacturing process determines the polyamine content and peptidic profile after digestion of the infant formula. Because compositional dissimilarity between human milk and infant formula in polyamines and proteins could be responsible for some of the differences in health reported between breast-fed and formula-fed children, these changes must be taken into consideration because they may have a great effect on infant nutrition and development.
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