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Related Concept Videos

Potential Due to a Polarized Object01:29

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

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A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
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Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor01:31

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The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...
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Curvilinear Motion: Polar Coordinates01:27

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In polar coordinates, the motion of a particle follows a curvilinear path. The radial coordinate symbolized as 'r,' extends outward from a fixed origin to the particle, while the angular coordinate, 'θ,' measured in radians, represents the counterclockwise angle between a fixed reference line and the radial line connecting the origin to the particle.
The particle's location is described using a unit vector along the radial direction. Deriving the particle's position...
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Polar Coordinates01:24

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The polar coordinate system offers an alternative to the Cartesian coordinate system for specifying points in a plane, using a distance and an angle instead of x and y coordinates. This system is particularly advantageous in situations involving circular or rotational symmetry, such as in physics or engineering problems involving waves, oscillations, or orbital paths.Defining Polar CoordinatesIn polar coordinates, a point is represented as P(r, ��), where r is the radial distance...
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Polar and Cylindrical Coordinates01:22

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The Cartesian coordinate system is a very convenient tool to use when describing the displacements and velocities of objects and the forces acting on them. However, it becomes cumbersome when we need to describe the rotation of objects. So, when describing rotation, the polar coordinate system is generally used.
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The dipole moment of a bond is the product of the partial charge on either atom and the distance between them. Dipole moments influence the efficiency of IR absorption and the peak intensity. When a bond with a dipole moment is placed in an electric field, the direction of the field determines if the bond is compressed or stretched. Electromagnetic radiation consists of an electric field component that rapidly reverses direction. It follows that polar bonds are alternately stretched and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Author Spotlight: Non-Invasive Imaging of Complex Bio-Structures Using Polarization-Sensitive Two-Photon Microscopy
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Efficient polarimetric BRDF model.

Ingmar G E Renhorn, Tomas Hallberg, Glenn D Boreman

    Optics Express
    |December 25, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    A new polarimetric bidirectional reflectance distribution function (pBRDF) model enhances hyperspectral and polarimetric signature modeling. This generalized model accurately predicts surface reflectance for diverse materials, aiding remote sensing applications.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Remote Sensing
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) models are crucial for understanding surface-material interactions.
    • Existing models often lack the generality to cover diverse surface structures and polarimetric properties.
    • Hyperspectral and polarimetric data offer rich information for surface characterization, necessitating advanced modeling techniques.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a novel, generalized polarimetric BRDF (pBRDF) model for hyperspectral and polarimetric signature modeling.
    • To extend a previous four-parameter model to accommodate various surface structures, including generalized Gaussian distributions.
    • To develop a versatile model capable of simulating both diffuse and specular reflection phenomena.

    Main Methods:

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    • Generalization of a previously published four-parameter BRDF model.
    • Incorporation of a generalized Gaussian distribution to represent diverse surface structures.
    • Normalization of pBRDF functions via numerical integration.
    • Utilizing directional-hemispherical reflectance (DHR) measurements for parameter determination.
    • Combining generalized Gaussian/Fresnel and generalized Lambertian models to describe complex reflective sources.

    Main Results:

    • Three of the four model parameters can be determined from DHR measurements for any wavelength, simplifying multispectral applications.
    • The model successfully simulates extreme surfaces like mirrors and Lambertian surfaces.
    • The model demonstrates impressive predictive power across a wide range of angles and scattering magnitudes.
    • Successful application to various surfaces, including dull/glossy paints and metallic bead-blasted surfaces.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed pBRDF model is general, efficient, and suitable for hyperspectral and polarimetric signature modeling.
    • The model's ability to determine parameters from DHR simplifies the development of multispectral polarimetric BRDF applications.
    • The model shows significant potential for use in polarimetric simulations and polarimetric remote sensing.