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When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
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Best practices for assessing ocean health in multiple contexts using tailorable frameworks.

Julia S Stewart Lowndes1, Erich J Pacheco2, Benjamin D Best3

  • 1National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California at Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara, CA , United States.

Peerj
|December 30, 2015
PubMed
Summary

The Ocean Health Index (OHI) provides a tailorable framework for assessing ocean health, enabling consistent comparisons across diverse locations and human-ocean interactions. Best practices ensure reproducible and transparent marine ecosystem assessments for informed policy and management.

Keywords:
Ecosystem-based managementMarine assessmentsOpen science

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Ecology
  • Oceanography
  • Environmental Policy

Background:

  • Marine policy faces challenges in balancing human activities with ocean health.
  • Existing ocean assessment frameworks are often site-specific, hindering reproducibility and broad application.
  • A need exists for tailorable and repeatable assessment frameworks for effective ocean management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present experiences and best practices using the Ocean Health Index (OHI) framework.
  • To demonstrate the OHI's adaptability for assessing coupled human-ocean ecosystems globally, nationally, and regionally.
  • To provide guidance for conducting robust, transparent, and reproducible ecosystem assessments.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the Ocean Health Index (OHI) framework, a tailorable and repeatable approach.
  • Accommodating local environmental characteristics, cultural priorities, and data availability in assessments.
  • Conducting eleven assessments at global, national, and regional scales since 2012.

Main Results:

  • The OHI framework has been successfully applied in diverse contexts, with four independent assessments led by external groups.
  • Identified best practices include: incorporating priorities early, strategic spatial boundary definition, maintaining framework integrity despite data limitations, and thorough documentation.
  • These practices enhance transparency, reproducibility, repeatability, and communication in ecosystem assessments.

Conclusions:

  • The OHI framework offers a flexible and repeatable method for assessing ocean health.
  • Adherence to identified best practices is crucial for robust and actionable marine ecosystem assessments.
  • The OHI framework and its best practices support informed decision-making for sustainable ocean management.