Diagnostic imaging of upper extremity trauma

The radiologic evaluation of upper extremity trauma relies primarily on standard as well as optional radiographic projections. Certain injuries are more fully evaluated with fluoroscopy, arthrography, ultrasound, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. The imaging approach to upper extremity trauma is presented, with emphasis on subtle or commonly overlooked lesions. The indications for evaluation by fluoroscopy, arthrography, and advanced imaging modalities are discussed.