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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Scientists identified the plasma membrane in the 1890s and its principal chemical components (lipids and proteins) by 1915. The model for plasma membrane structure, proposed in 1935 by Hugh Davson and James Danielli, was the first model to be widely accepted in the scientific community. The model was based on the plasma membrane's "railroad track" appearance in early electron micrographs. Davson and Danielli theorized that the plasma membrane's structure resembled a sandwich...
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Integral membrane proteins are tightly associated with the cell membrane and play a crucial role in cell communication, signaling, adhesion, and transport of the molecules. Some integral membrane proteins are present only in the membrane monolayer. For example, the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase is present in the cytoplasmic side of the membrane monolayer. In contrast, another type of integral membrane protein, also known as a transmembrane protein, spans across the membrane. Transmembrane...
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The transport of solutes across the cell membrane is essential for metabolic processes, like maintaining cell size and volume, generating the action potential, exchanging nutrients and gases, etc. Membrane transport can be either passive or active. It can be simple diffusion, facilitated, or mediated transport aided by transport proteins such as transporters and channels.
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Hydrodynamics of bilayer membranes with diffusing transmembrane proteins.

Andrew Callan-Jones1, Marc Durand, Jean-Baptiste Fournier

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Transmembrane proteins in lipid bilayers increase friction and affect membrane dynamics. Their concentration is the slowest relaxing variable, influencing cell functions like migration and transport.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Soft Matter Physics

Background:

  • Cell membrane dynamics are crucial for cellular functions, including migration, transport, and communication.
  • Lipid bilayers with embedded transmembrane proteins are fundamental to cell membrane structure and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a theoretical framework for the hydrodynamics of lipid bilayers with arbitrary-shaped transmembrane proteins.
  • To derive governing equations for membrane shape, leaflet density, and protein concentration dynamics.
  • To analyze the impact of proteins on membrane relaxation and diffusion processes.

Main Methods:

  • Application of Onsager's variational principle.
  • Derivation of coupled hydrodynamic equations.
  • Analysis of protein-induced changes in friction and curvature coupling.
  • Investigation of protein diffusion dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Transmembrane proteins increase the intermonolayer friction coefficient, inversely proportional to protein mobility.
  • Asymmetric proteins couple membrane curvature to monolayer density differences.
  • Protein density is the slowest relaxing variable under physiological membrane tensions.
  • Protein relaxation rate decreases at small wavelengths due to curvature coupling.
  • Large-scale diffusion of protein patches is non-self-similar due to wavevector-dependent diffusion coefficients.

Conclusions:

  • The derived formalism provides a comprehensive model for lipid bilayer hydrodynamics with proteins.
  • Transmembrane proteins significantly alter membrane dynamics, impacting cellular processes.
  • Understanding these dynamics is key to comprehending cell membrane functions and related phenomena.