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Related Concept Videos

Electrocardiogram01:29

Electrocardiogram

5.0K
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...
5.0K
Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

11.1K
The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
11.1K
Electrocardiogram Fundamentals01:28

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

1.2K
Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin...
1.2K
ECG Interpretation of Rhythms01:24

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

10.6K
An electrocardiogram (ECG)graphically represents the heart's electrical activity on ECG paper or a monitor.
Components of the Electrocardiogram
The primary components of a normal ECG waveform in Normal sinus rhythm(NSR) include the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and occasionally a U wave.
ECG waveforms are divided by vertical and horizontal lines at standard intervals.
The horizontal axis measures time and rate, and the vertical axis measures amplitude or voltage....
10.6K
ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias I: Sinus Arrhythmias01:16

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias I: Sinus Arrhythmias

616
Arrhythmias are disturbances in the heart's rhythm that lead to abnormal heartbeats. These irregularities can originate from different parts of the heart and are classified based on their origin and nature.
Types of Arrhythmias
Sinus Node Arrhythmias
Sinus Bradycardia: Originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node, sinus bradycardia involves slower impulses, resulting in a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute (bpm). Causes include sleep, vagal stimulation, beta-blockers, hypothyroidism,...
616
ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

331
Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
331

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2026

A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis
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A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis

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Steganography in arrhythmic electrocardiogram signal.

S Edward Jero, Palaniappan Ramu, S Ramakrishnan

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |January 7, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a novel ECG steganography technique using Discrete Wavelet Transform and Singular Value Decomposition to securely embed patient data within abnormal ECG signals, enhancing data privacy during transmission.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Medical Informatics
    • Signal Processing

    Background:

    • Ensuring patient data security and privacy during medical information exchange is critical.
    • Steganography offers a method to conceal sensitive data within cover signals, preventing unauthorized access.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the performance of an Electrocardiogram (ECG) steganography approach for secure patient data transmission.
    • To introduce a novel method for hiding patient data within a two-dimensional matrix of abnormal ECG signals.

    Main Methods:

    • A 2D ECG was constructed using the Tompkins QRS detection algorithm, with missed R peaks identified via RR interval analysis.
    • Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) were employed for data embedding within the 2D ECG matrix.
    • Abnormal ECG signals from the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database served as cover signals.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed ECG steganography method demonstrated effective data hiding capabilities.
    • Performance was quantitatively assessed using metrics including Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Percentage Residual Difference (PRD), Kullback-Leibler (KL) distance, and Bit Error Rate (BER).

    Conclusions:

    • The study successfully validated an ECG steganography technique for secure medical data transmission.
    • The use of abnormal ECG signals as cover media, combined with DWT and SVD, offers a promising approach to enhance patient data security.