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Updated: Mar 27, 2026
A Fibrin-Enriched and tPA-Sensitive Photothrombotic Stroke Model
Published on: June 4, 2021
How temporal evolution of intracranial collaterals in acute stroke affects clinical outcomes
Leonard L L Yeo1, Prakash Paliwal2, Adrian F Low2
1From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (L.L.L.Y., P.P., R.C.S.S., A.A., B.P.L.C., H.L.T., D.S., R.R., V.K.S.), Cardiac Department (A.F.L., E.L.W.T.), and Department of Diagnostic Imaging (A.G., E.T.), National University Health System; Department of Neuroradiology (M.N.), National Neuroscience Institute; and Raffles Neuroscience Centre (N.V.), Raffles Medical Group, Singapore. leonard_ll_yeo@nuhs.edu.sg.
Objective:
We compared intracranial collaterals on pretreatment and day 2 brain CT angiograms (CTA) to assess their evolution and relationship with functional outcomes in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients treated with IV tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).
Methods:
Consecutive AIS patients who underwent pretreatment and day 2 CTA and received IV tPA during 2010-2013 were included. Collaterals were evaluated by 2 independent neuroradiologists using 3 predefined criteria: the Miteff system, the Maas system, and 20-point collateral scale by the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score methodology. We stratified our cohort by baseline pre-tPA state of their collaterals and by recanalization status of the primary vessel for analysis. Good outcomes at 3 months were defined by a modified Rankin Scale score of 0-1.
Results:
This study included 209 patients. Delayed collateral recruitment by any grading system was not associated with good outcomes. All 3 scoring systems showed that collateral recruitment on the follow-up CTA from a baseline poor collateral state was significantly associated with poor outcome and increased bleeding risk. When the primary vessel remained persistently occluded, collateral recruitment was significantly associated with worse outcomes. Interestingly, collateral recruitment was significantly associated with increased mortality in 2 of the 3 grading systems.
Conclusions:
Not all collateral recruitment is beneficial; delayed collateral recruitment may be different from early recruitment and can result in worse outcomes and higher mortality. Prethrombolysis collateral status and recanalization are determinants of how intracranial collateral evolution affects functional outcomes.
