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Related Concept Videos

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

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α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are...
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Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

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Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

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Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Polyphenols and Glycemic Control.

Yoona Kim1, Jennifer B Keogh2, Peter M Clifton3

  • 1School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, General Post Office Box 2471 Adelaide SA 5000, Australia. yoona.kim@mymail.unisa.edu.au.

Nutrients
|January 8, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dietary polyphenols show promise for managing Type 2 diabetes by improving glucose control and insulin sensitivity. However, human studies yield inconsistent results, requiring further research to confirm their anti-diabetic effects.

Keywords:
clinical trialsdietary polyphenolsglucose homeostasisinsulin sensitivity

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Science
  • Metabolic Health
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Animal studies suggest dietary polyphenols possess anti-diabetic properties.
  • Polyphenols are compounds found in various foods and beverages with potential health benefits.
  • Type 2 diabetes management often involves dietary interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms by which dietary polyphenols regulate glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity.
  • To comprehensively overview the anti-diabetic effects of common dietary polyphenols in human trials.
  • To assess the current evidence for polyphenols in Type 2 diabetes prevention and management.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro and in vivo studies examining polyphenol mechanisms.
  • Review of human clinical trials on polyphenol-rich foods and supplements.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data on dietary polyphenol intake and diabetes.

Main Results:

  • Polyphenols may inhibit carbohydrate digestion and absorption (e.g., alpha-amylase, SGLT1).
  • Potential mechanisms include enhanced insulin secretion, reduced hepatic glucose output, and improved insulin sensitivity.
  • Polyphenols may activate AMPK, modulate gut microbiota, and exert anti-inflammatory effects.
  • Human studies show inconsistent findings regarding anti-diabetic effects.

Conclusions:

  • Dietary polyphenols exhibit plausible mechanisms for improving glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity.
  • Evidence from human trials is currently inconsistent, necessitating further investigation.
  • More rigorous clinical studies are essential to confirm or refute the anti-diabetic efficacy of dietary polyphenols.