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Related Concept Videos

Gross Anatomy of the Lungs01:17

Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

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The lungs are a pair of vital organs connected to the trachea via the left and right bronchi. The base of these organs meets the dome-shaped muscle known as the diaphragm. Encased by the pleurae, the lungs contact the mediastinum. The right lung is shorter yet wider, and has a larger volume than the left lung. The left lung has an indentation known as the cardiac notch. The superior region of the lungs is referred to as the apex, whereas the base is the lower region near the diaphragm. The...
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Pleura of the Lungs01:13

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The lungs are nestled in a cavity, shielded by the pleura. The pleura, a form of serous membrane, wraps around each lung. This membrane arrangement consists of two layers: the visceral and parietal pleurae. The visceral pleura lines the surface of the lungIn contrast, the parietal pleura is the outer layer and contacts to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm. The hilum is the point of connection between the visceral and parietal layers. The space between the parietal and...
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Anatomy of Respiratory System II: Lower Respiratory Tract01:31

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The lower respiratory tract is anatomically composed of several vital structures, including the larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, lungs, and pleurae. Each component has a specific function, and all are intricately connected to ensure efficient respiration.
The Larynx
It is located between the pharynx and the trachea, acts as a passageway for air, and hosts several critical structures, such as the epiglottis, vocal cords, and glottis. The epiglottis acts as a gateway, guiding food to the...
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The Thoracic Cage: Ribs01:20

The Thoracic Cage: Ribs

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Ribs are curved, flattened bones forming the thoracic cavity wall with the thoracic muscles. There are 12 pairs of thoracic ribs. The posterior ends of all the ribs articulate with the T1–T12 thoracic vertebrae. In contrast,the anterior ends of most ribs attach to the sternum via their costal cartilages.
Parts of a Typical Rib
A typical rib has a head, neck, and body. The posterior end of the rib is called the head, followed by a narrow neck. The head articulates primarily with the costal...
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Lung Capacity01:47

Lung Capacity

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The air in the lungs is measured in volumes and capacities. Lung volume measures reflect the amount of air taken in, released, or left over after a lung function, like a single inhalation. Lung capacity measures are sums of two or more lung volume measures.
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Trachea01:22

Trachea

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The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, is a vital part of the human respiratory system. It serves as a passageway for air to travel between the larynx and the bronchi, allowing oxygen to reach the lungs. Let's explore its anatomical features, dimensions, layers of the tracheal wall, associated muscles, and the functions of its parts.
Anatomical Features:
Location: About half of the trachea is situated in the neck, anterior to the esophagus, and extends from the larynx (at the level of...
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Thoracoscopic Extended Right Middle Plus Lower Sleeve Lobectomy for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
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Lung.

M Valapour1,2, M A Skeans2, J M Smith2,3

  • 1Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.

American Journal of Transplantation : Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons
|January 13, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lung transplant wait times decreased in 2014, but long-term survival has plateaued despite sicker patients. Survival rates are poorest for infant lung transplant recipients.

Keywords:
End-stage lung diseaselung allocation scorelung transplantorgan allocationtransplant outcomes

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Area of Science:

  • Medicine
  • Transplantation
  • Pulmonology

Background:

  • Lung allocation is complex, considering age, geography, blood type, and the lung allocation score (LAS).
  • In 2014, a record number of adult and adolescent candidates were added to the lung transplant waitlist.
  • Lung transplant recipients in 2014 were sicker, indicated by a higher median LAS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze lung transplant trends, waiting times, and survival outcomes in adult, adolescent, and child candidates.
  • To evaluate the impact of the lung allocation score (LAS) on posttransplant survival.
  • To identify survival disparities among different age groups.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of national data for lung transplant candidates and recipients in 2014.
  • Comparison of waiting times and lung allocation scores (LAS) over time.
  • Assessment of short-term and long-term patient survival rates post-lung transplant.

Main Results:

  • The median waiting time for lung transplant decreased to 3.7 months for candidates listed in 2014.
  • Despite improvements in short-term survival, 5-year posttransplant survival has plateaued at 42.4% since 2005.
  • Infants (younger than 1 year) had the poorest 5-year survival rates after lung transplantation.

Conclusions:

  • While lung transplant waiting times improved, long-term survival remains a significant challenge.
  • The lung allocation score (LAS) may not fully address long-term survival disparities.
  • Further research is needed to improve long-term outcomes, especially for pediatric lung transplant recipients.