Doping Graphene Transistors Using Vertical Stacked Monolayer WS2 Heterostructures Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition

We study the interactions in graphene/WS2 two-dimensional (2D) layered vertical heterostructures with variations in the areal coverage of graphene by the WS2. All 2D materials were grown by chemical vapor deposition and transferred layer by layer. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy of WS2 on graphene showed PL quenching along with an increase in the ratio of exciton/trion emission, relative to WS2 on SiO2 surface, indicating a reduction in the n-type doping levels of WS2 as well as reduced radiative recombination quantum yield. Electrical measurements of a total of 220 graphene field effect transistors with different WS2 coverage showed double-Dirac points in the field effect measurements, where one is shifted closer toward the 0 V gate neutrality position due to the WS2 coverage. Photoirradiation of the WS2 on graphene region caused further Dirac point shifts, indicative of a reduction in the p-type doping levels of graphene, revealing that the photogenerated excitons in WS2 are split across the heterostructure by electron transfer from WS2 to graphene. Kelvin probe microscopy showed that regions of graphene covered with WS2 had a smaller work function and supports the model of electron transfer from WS2 to graphene. Our results demonstrate the formation of junctions within a graphene transistor through the spatial tuning of the work function of graphene using these 2D vertical heterostructures.