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Inducing Acute Lung Injury in Mice by Direct Intratracheal Lipopolysaccharide Instillation

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Published on: July 6, 2019

Update on flavoring-induced lung disease.

Van K Holden¹, Stella E Hines

¹aDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine bDivision of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine

|January 14, 2016

Summary

Flavoring chemicals like diacetyl cause lung disease in workers and consumers. Substitutes pose similar risks, necessitating controls like protective equipment to prevent bronchiolitis obliterans.

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Area of Science:

Occupational Health
Pulmonary Medicine
Toxicology

Background:

Bronchiolitis obliterans has been linked to flavoring substance exposure in microwave popcorn workers.
Flavoring chemicals are used in food manufacturing and consumer products, posing risks beyond the workplace.
Substitutes for flavoring agents may also cause lung injury, complicating risk mitigation efforts.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent flavoring exposures and their association with lung disease.
To examine the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, and surveillance of flavoring-induced lung disease.
To highlight emerging risks in new product categories like electronic nicotine delivery systems.

Main Methods:

Review of recent scientific literature on flavoring exposures and associated lung disease.
Analysis of data on the presence and airborne levels of flavoring chemicals in various settings.
Examination of animal studies investigating the effects of diacetyl substitutes.

Main Results:

Diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione exposures are prevalent in food production (cookies, cereal, coffee) and exceed occupational limits.
Bronchiolitis obliterans has been confirmed in heavy popcorn consumers.
These flavoring chemicals are now detected in electronic nicotine delivery system liquids.

Conclusions:

Diacetyl substitutes induce similar lung lesions in animal models, indicating continued risk for workers.
Flavoring-induced lung disease may manifest beyond fixed airflow obstruction, delaying diagnosis.
Implementing engineering controls, medical surveillance, and personal protective equipment is crucial to mitigate exposure and disease risk.