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    Genetic modification technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 enable precise genome editing across diverse organisms. These tools facilitate gene knock-out or insertion by inducing targeted DNA breaks, offering significant advantages in biological research and applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics
    • Biotechnology

    Background:

    • Genetic modification technologies are advanced molecular tools for targeted genome alteration.
    • Key technologies include zinc finger nucleases (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN), and CRISPR-associated (CRISPR-Cas) nucleases.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the principles and recent advancements in ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR-Cas technologies.
    • To discuss the prospects for future research and applications of these gene editing tools.

    Main Methods:

    • These nucleases create targeted DNA double-strand breaks (DSB).
    • Cellular repair mechanisms, primarily non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR), are utilized for gene modification.
    • Applications span a wide range of organisms, from microbes to mammals and plants.

    Main Results:

    • Successful applications demonstrated in bacteria, yeast, human cells, fruit flies, zebrafish, rodents, livestock, non-human primates, and various crops.
    • The CRISPR-Cas9 system has gained prominence due to its cost-effectiveness, high efficiency, simplicity, and ease of use.

    Conclusions:

    • Genetic modification technologies offer powerful capabilities for precise gene editing.
    • CRISPR-Cas9 represents a significant advancement, driving innovation in biological research and biotechnology.