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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems01:18

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Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) enable the controlled release of drugs across the skin into systemic circulation. They are particularly advantageous for drugs with short half-lives or narrow therapeutic indices, as they maintain consistent plasma concentrations and reduce the risk of subtherapeutic or toxic levels.TDDS are categorized into monolithic, reservoir, and mixed systems. Monolithic systems embed the drug in a polymer matrix, where diffusion governs release. Reservoir systems...
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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
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Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

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Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
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Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging
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Drug crystallization - implications for topical and transdermal delivery.

Jonathan Hadgraft1, Majella E Lane1

  • 1a Department of Pharmaceutics , UCL School of Pharmacy , London , UK.

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
|January 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Drug crystallization on skin impacts topical delivery, though solutions exist for transdermal patches. Further research into excipient interactions is needed for better topical formulation design.

Keywords:
Crystallizationexcipientspatchesreservoirskinsupersaturationtopicaltransdermal

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Dermatology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Historically, drug crystallization on skin post-topical application has been poorly understood.
  • Crystallization of actives in transdermal formulations and on the skin surface is a long-standing challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the phenomenon of drug crystallization in topical and transdermal delivery.
  • To explore techniques for studying skin crystallization and formulation strategies.
  • To discuss the implications of crystallization for drug delivery efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of early reports on skin reservoirs and crystallization genesis.
  • Outline of techniques for studying crystallization on/in skin and transdermal patches.
  • Discussion of vehicle role, permeation studies, and crystallization control approaches.

Main Results:

  • Supersaturation and antinucleating polymers can control crystal size.
  • Controlled release from crystals is utilized in transdermal patches.
  • Effective strategies exist for transdermal patches, but in-skin crystallization remains a challenge.

Conclusions:

  • Drug crystallization significantly impacts topical and transdermal delivery efficacy.
  • While transdermal patch crystallization is manageable, in-skin crystallization requires further investigation.
  • Understanding excipient residence time and molecular interactions with skin is crucial for future formulation development.