Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

1.1K
Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
1.1K
Factorial Design02:01

Factorial Design

15.4K
Factorial Analysis is an experimental design that applies Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistical procedures to examine a change in a dependent variable due to more than one independent variable, also known as factors. Changes in worker productivity can be reasoned, for example, to be influenced by salary and other conditions, such as skill level. One way to test this hypothesis is by categorizing salary into three levels (low, moderate, and high) and skills sets into two levels (entry level...
15.4K
Measures of Intelligence01:29

Measures of Intelligence

8.9K
Psychologists measure intelligence by using standardized tests that produce a score known as the intelligence quotient or IQ. To understand IQ tests, it's important to recognize the key principles behind their construction: validity, reliability, and standardization.
Validity refers to how well a test measures what it claims to measure. An intelligence test should accurately assess intelligence rather than another characteristic, like anxiety. Criterion validity is one way to evaluate this;...
8.9K
Theory of Attribution I: Correspondent Inference Theory01:15

Theory of Attribution I: Correspondent Inference Theory

854
Correspondent inference theory, proposed by Jones and Davis in 1965, seeks to explain how individuals infer stable personality traits from observed behaviors. It suggests that people attribute actions to underlying dispositions rather than external circumstances, particularly when the behavior appears intentional and socially significant.Voluntary Behavior and Dispositional AttributionAccording to this theory, individuals are more likely to attribute behavior to personal traits when it appears...
854
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination02:55

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

96.0K
Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
96.0K
Cattell's 16 Personality Factors01:24

Cattell's 16 Personality Factors

3.1K
Raymond Cattell's trait theory offers a structured framework for understanding personality by distinguishing between two critical traits: surface and source traits. Surface traits are observable patterns of behavior, such as indecisiveness, anxiety, and irrational fears. These traits are less stable, varying across situations and over time. This means that they are less helpful in understanding the deeper aspects of an individual's personality.
In contrast, source traits are the...
3.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Limited Information Parameter Estimates for Latent or Mixed Manifest and Latent Variable Models.

Multivariate behavioral research·2016
Same author

Effect of sire fertility and timing of artificial insemination in a Presynch + Ovsynch protocol on first-service pregnancy rates.

Journal of dairy science·2006
Same author

Effect of presence of clinical and subclinical endometritis at the initiation of Presynch-Ovsynch program on the first service pregnancy in dairy cows.

Animal reproduction science·2005
Same author

Fertility following fixed-time AI or insemination at observed estrus in Ovsynch and Heatsynch programs in lactating dairy cows.

Theriogenology·2005
Same author

Pink triangles: antecedents and consequences of perceived workplace discrimination against gay and lesbian employees.

The Journal of applied psychology·2002
Same author

Determining the number of factors to retain: a Windows-based FORTRAN-IMSL program for parallel analysis.

Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc·2000
Same journal

Bayesian Machine Learning Tools for Alcohol Use Disorder Research: The bpaup R Package.

Multivariate behavioral research·2026
Same journal

A Unified Framework for Jointly modelling Response Times and Item Position Effects in Computer-Based Learning Assessments.

Multivariate behavioral research·2026
Same journal

Generalizability Theory Applied to Daily Relationship Quality: Substantive and Statistical Directions.

Multivariate behavioral research·2026
Same journal

A Modularized Higher-Order Diagnostic Classification Model for Clustered Attribute Hierarchies.

Multivariate behavioral research·2026
Same journal

Generalizing Causal Effects to a Target Population Without Individual-Level Data from the Target Population.

Multivariate behavioral research·2026
Same journal

betaselectr: Selective (and Proper) Standardization in Structural Equation Models.

Multivariate behavioral research·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
10:26

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

4.5K

Factor Analysis of Ipsative Measures.

W P Dunlap, J M Cornwell

    Multivariate Behavioral Research
    |January 16, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Ipsative measures, where totals are equal across all subjects, present fundamental problems for factor analysis. This analysis reveals that ipsativity alone creates artifactual factors, obscuring true relationships, and advises against its use in factor analysis.

    More Related Videos

    Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits
    08:27

    Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits

    Published on: September 27, 2019

    7.3K
    Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education
    09:00

    Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education

    Published on: August 16, 2024

    1.3K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Mar 27, 2026

    Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
    10:26

    Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

    Published on: September 11, 2021

    4.5K
    Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits
    08:27

    Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits

    Published on: September 27, 2019

    7.3K
    Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education
    09:00

    Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education

    Published on: August 16, 2024

    1.3K

    Area of Science:

    • Psychometrics
    • Statistical analysis

    Background:

    • Ipsative measures, characterized by equal subject totals across variables, are increasingly used in research.
    • The suitability of ipsative data for factor analysis remains a contentious issue with no clear consensus.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analytically demonstrate the inherent challenges ipsative measures pose for factor analysis.
    • To elucidate the mathematical underpinnings of these challenges.

    Main Methods:

    • Analytical derivation of the expected correlation between ipsative measures.
    • Examination of the rank properties of the ipsative correlation matrix.
    • Identification of artifactual factors generated by ipsativity.

    Main Results:

    • The expected correlation between ipsative measures is mathematically shown to be -1/(k-1), where k is the number of measures.
    • The rank of the ipsative correlation matrix is reduced by one (to k-1).
    • Ipsativity inherently generates k-1 artifactual bipolar factors.

    Conclusions:

    • Ipsative measures introduce significant analytical distortions, creating artifactual factors that mask genuine interrelationships.
    • Factor analysis should be avoided when data are known or suspected to be ipsative.