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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation
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The Macrophage Switch in Obesity Development.

Angela Castoldi1, Cristiane Naffah de Souza1, Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara2

  • 1Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil.

Frontiers in Immunology
|January 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Obesity increases pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages in adipose tissue (AT), driving insulin resistance. Lean states favor anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages that maintain AT homeostasis, highlighting macrophage roles in metabolic health.

Keywords:
adipokinesadipose tissueadipose tissue inflammationinsulin resistancemacrophagemacrophage polarizationobesity

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Metabolic Syndrome
  • Adipose Tissue Biology

Background:

  • Immune cell infiltration in adipose tissue (AT) during obesity is linked to insulin resistance.
  • Macrophages are the primary leukocytes in AT, with M1 and M2 subsets playing distinct roles.
  • Obesity elevates M1 macrophages, promoting inflammation and insulin resistance, while lean states have predominant M2 macrophages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the immunologic and metabolic functions of adipose tissue macrophages.
  • To explore the diverse roles of macrophage subsets in obesity and metabolic syndrome.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of immunologic and metabolic functions of adipose tissue macrophages.
  • Analysis of macrophage subsets (M1 and M2) in lean versus obese states.
  • Examination of macrophage-associated inflammation and metabolic pathways.

Main Results:

  • Obesity is characterized by increased M1 macrophages in AT, correlating with inflammation and insulin resistance.
  • M1 macrophages promote aerobic glycolysis upon activation.
  • M2 macrophages, predominant in lean individuals, secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and use oxidative metabolism to maintain AT homeostasis.

Conclusions:

  • Adipose tissue macrophages play critical roles in metabolic health and disease.
  • Shifts in macrophage populations (M1/M2 balance) are central to obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance.
  • Understanding macrophage functions offers therapeutic targets for metabolic syndrome.