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Related Concept Videos

RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
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Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Types of RNA01:23

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Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Ribozymes02:47

Ribozymes

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The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
Ribozymes can...
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RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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Using In Vitro and In-cell SHAPE to Investigate Small Molecule Induced Pre-mRNA Structural Changes
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Using In Vitro and In-cell SHAPE to Investigate Small Molecule Induced Pre-mRNA Structural Changes

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Structured RNAs that evade or confound exonucleases: function follows form.

Benjamin M Akiyama1, Daniel Eiler1, Jeffrey S Kieft1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.

Current Opinion in Structural Biology
|January 23, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Certain RNA structures resist cellular degradation, extending RNA lifetime and regulating gene expression. This review details three protective RNA folds and their mechanisms against RNA decay, highlighting structure-based nuclease resistance.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology
  • Gene Regulation

Background:

  • Cells possess RNA decay machinery to control gene expression by eliminating RNA.
  • Specific structured RNAs can resist degradation, prolonging their functional lifespan.
  • Understanding RNA protection mechanisms is crucial for gene regulation insights.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review three distinct RNA structures that confer resistance to cellular degradation.
  • To explain how solved structures of these RNAs elucidate their protective functions.
  • To explore the implications of RNA structure-based nuclease resistance in gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on RNA decay resistance mechanisms.
  • Analysis of solved three-dimensional structures of protective RNA elements.
  • Comparison of protective strategies employed by different RNA types.

Main Results:

  • Xrn1-resistant RNAs in flaviviruses utilize specific folds for protection.
  • Exosome-resistant long non-coding RNAs in cancer and viruses exhibit protective structures.
  • tRNA-like sequences in plant viruses employ structural features to evade decay.
  • Three distinct structural mechanisms confer resistance to RNA degradation.

Conclusions:

  • RNA structural folds play a critical role in resisting cellular decay pathways.
  • These protective structures offer diverse strategies for RNA stabilization.
  • RNA structure-based nuclease resistance may represent a common regulatory mechanism.