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Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Measuring Neural Mechanisms Underlying Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation During Naps in Early Childhood
Published on: October 2, 2019
Early Childhood Sleep Patterns and Cognitive Development at Age 6 Years: The Generation R Study
Desana Kocevska1,2, Jolien Rijlaarsdam1,2, Akhgar Ghassabian2
1Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Objective:
To explore the association of sleep duration and awakening frequency with cognitive outcomes in young children.
Methods:
Mothers of 2,800 children from the Generation R cohort reported sleep duration and awakenings at children's age 24 months. At age 6 years, validated Dutch measures were used to assess children's nonverbal intelligence and language comprehension.
Results:
We found a nonlinear association of total sleep time at 24 months with nonverbal intelligence ( p = 0.03) and language comprehension ( p = 0.04) at 6 years. Toddlers sleeping within the recommended 11-14 hr had more favorable cognitive development compared with both extremes. Frequent awakenings were negatively associated with nonverbal intelligence, but not with verbal comprehension.
Conclusion:
Sleep duration in toddlerhood has an inverted-U-shaped relation with childhood cognitive measures. Frequent awakenings are associated with lower nonverbal intelligence. Given the marked decline in sleep duration and awakenings in toddlerhood, developmental changes of sleep patterns might be important for cognitive development.
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