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Related Concept Videos

Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
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Reliability and Validity01:29

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Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.
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Measures of Intelligence01:29

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Psychologists measure intelligence by using standardized tests that produce a score known as the intelligence quotient or IQ. To understand IQ tests, it's important to recognize the key principles behind their construction: validity, reliability, and standardization.
Validity refers to how well a test measures what it claims to measure. An intelligence test should accurately assess intelligence rather than another characteristic, like anxiety. Criterion validity is one way to evaluate this;...
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Implicit Personality Theories01:23

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Implicit personality theory explains how individuals make assumptions about the relationships between personality traits, behaviors, and character types. When people learn that someone possesses a particular trait, they tend to infer the presence of other related characteristics, forming a cohesive impression. This cognitive shortcut plays a crucial role in social interactions and interpersonal judgments.Central Traits and Their InfluenceSolomon Asch's seminal 1946 study highlighted the power...
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Strategies of Self-Presentation III: Self-Monitoring01:24

Strategies of Self-Presentation III: Self-Monitoring

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Self-monitoring is a central construct in understanding individual differences in self-presentation strategies across social contexts. It refers to how individuals observe, regulate, and control their expressive behavior and self-presentation following situational cues. Self-monitoring reflects a person's sensitivity to social appropriateness and willingness to adapt behavior to fit varying interpersonal demands.High vs. Low Self-Monitoring IndividualsIndividuals high in self-monitoring are...
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Cattell's 16 Personality Factors01:24

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Raymond Cattell's trait theory offers a structured framework for understanding personality by distinguishing between two critical traits: surface and source traits. Surface traits are observable patterns of behavior, such as indecisiveness, anxiety, and irrational fears. These traits are less stable, varying across situations and over time. This means that they are less helpful in understanding the deeper aspects of an individual's personality.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning
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Comparative Validity Vs. Utility As Considerations In Personality Scale Construction.

H W Eber

    Multivariate Behavioral Research
    |January 26, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    The best personality scale construction strategy prioritizes practical utility over strict psychometric principles. This approach offers practical suggestions for developing more useful personality assessments.

    Area of Science:

    • Psychological Measurement
    • Personality Psychology

    Background:

    • Traditional personality scale construction often emphasizes psychometric properties like reliability and validity.
    • Debate exists regarding whether psychometric perfection or practical utility should guide scale development.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a utilitarian framework for personality scale construction.
    • To challenge the primacy of psychometric considerations in favor of practical application.

    Main Methods:

    • Conceptual analysis of scale construction strategies.
    • Review of existing approaches to personality assessment.

    Main Results:

    • The optimal strategy for personality scale development may be rooted in utilitarian goals.

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  • Psychometric rigor alone may not guarantee a scale's practical usefulness.

    • Conclusions:

    • A utilitarian perspective offers a valuable alternative for personality scale construction.
    • Specific, actionable suggestions are provided to guide the development of practically useful personality scales.