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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
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Thermal Energy Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a quantitative measure of “hot” or “cold”, which depends on the amount of thermal energy. When the atoms and molecules in an object are moving or vibrating quickly, they have a higher average kinetic energy (KE) (or higher thermal energy), and the object is perceived as “hot”, or it is described as being at a higher temperature. When the...
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Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Field-Based Thermal Physiology Assay: Cold Shock Recovery under Ambient Conditions
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The Likelihood of Recent Record Warmth.

Michael E Mann1, Stefan Rahmstorf2, Byron A Steinman3

  • 1Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, 503 Walker Building, University Park, PA 16802.

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PubMed
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Record global temperatures in 2014 were extremely unlikely without human influence. Climate change made these record-breaking years probable, though less so than previously reported.

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Area of Science:

  • Climate Science
  • Meteorology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • 2014 marked a record warm year globally and for the Northern Hemisphere.
  • A recent series of record-breaking temperatures has occurred over the past 15 years.
  • Previous reports suggested extremely low odds for these temperature records occurring naturally.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the likelihood of observed record global temperatures with and without human influence.
  • To provide a quantitative analysis of extreme temperature events in the context of climate change.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a semi-empirical approach.
  • Combined Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate model simulations.
  • Integrated observational data of global and hemispheric mean temperatures.

Main Results:

  • Individual record years and recent runs of record temperatures were highly improbable without anthropogenic climate change.
  • The calculated probabilities for these events occurring naturally were lower than suggested by some press reports.
  • The same record temperatures were found to be quite likely under anthropogenic climate forcing.

Conclusions:

  • Human-caused climate change significantly increases the probability of record-breaking global temperatures.
  • The study quantifies the role of anthropogenic forcing in extreme temperature events.
  • Findings underscore the impact of human activity on contemporary climate patterns.