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Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Differentiated Mouse Adipocytes in Primary Culture: A Model of Insulin Resistance
Published on: February 17, 2023
Nuclear Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance
Sona Kang1, Linus T-Y Tsai2, Evan D Rosen2
1Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Current address: Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Abstract:
Insulin resistance is a sine qua non of type 2 diabetes and is associated with many other clinical conditions. Decades of research into mechanisms underlying insulin resistance have mostly focused on problems in insulin signal transduction and other mitochondrial and cytosolic pathways. By contrast, relatively little attention has been focused on transcriptional and epigenetic contributors to insulin resistance, despite strong evidence that such nuclear mechanisms play a major role in the etiopathogenesis of this condition. In this review, we summarize the evidence for nuclear mechanisms of insulin resistance, focusing on three transcription factors with a major impact on insulin action in liver, muscle, and fat.
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Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes: