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Related Concept Videos

Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria01:29

Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria

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The DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes are intricately coupled in bacteria, allowing efficient gene expression and rapid protein synthesis. While this physical and functional coordination is advantageous, it introduces challenges that bacteria overcome through specific regulatory mechanisms.Coupling of Replication, Transcription, and TranslationThe coupling of replication, transcription, and translation is a hallmark of bacterial gene expression. As the replisome unwinds...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Visualization of Replisome Encounters with an Antigen Tagged Blocking Lesion
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BCR engagement in CLL: when translation goes wrong.

Jerome Paggetti1, Etienne Moussay1

  • 1LUXEMBOURG INSTITUTE OF HEALTH.

Blood
|January 30, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Researchers found that MYC is a key target for translational regulation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells following B-cell receptor (BCR) stimulation. Current therapies were shown to inhibit this MYC induction.

Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a B-cell malignancy.
  • B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling plays a critical role in CLL pathogenesis.
  • Understanding gene regulation in CLL is crucial for developing targeted therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the translational regulation of MYC in CLL cells.
  • To determine the role of MYC induction after BCR stimulation.
  • To assess the impact of current CLL therapies on MYC induction.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of MYC mRNA and protein levels in CLL cells.
  • B-cell receptor (BCR) stimulation assays.
  • Treatment of CLL cells with standard-of-care therapies.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 26, 2026

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CRISPR-Mediated Reorganization of Chromatin Loop Structure
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Main Results:

  • MYC is translationally regulated in CLL cells upon BCR stimulation.
  • BCR signaling induces MYC expression in CLL.
  • Current CLL therapies, including those targeting BCR signaling, suppress MYC induction.

Conclusions:

  • MYC is a critical downstream target of BCR signaling in CLL.
  • Targeting MYC translation or its induction may represent a therapeutic strategy for CLL.
  • The suppressive effect of current therapies on MYC induction warrants further investigation.