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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

17.2K
The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
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DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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Histone modifications in DNA damage response.

Lin-Lin Cao1,2, Changchun Shen1, Wei-Guo Zhu3,4,5

  • 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.

Science China. Life Sciences
|January 31, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

DNA damage triggers cellular responses for repair or coping. Histone modifications are crucial for DNA damage response in eukaryotic cells, influencing chromatin function.

Keywords:
DNA damage responseDNA repairchromatinhistone modifications

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • DNA damage is a common occurrence in eukaryotic cells, potentially leading to mutations and cancer.
  • Cellular responses are activated to repair DNA damage or manage cellular stress.
  • Histone proteins, key components of chromatin, undergo post-translational modifications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review major histone modifications.
  • To discuss the functions of these modifications in the DNA damage response.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on histone modifications and DNA damage response.

Main Results:

  • Histone modifications play vital roles in chromatin-based processes.
  • Specific histone modifications are implicated in various aspects of the DNA damage response.

Conclusions:

  • Histone modifications are critical regulators of the DNA damage response.
  • Understanding these modifications offers insights into preventing cancer and genetic mutations.