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Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Related Experiment Video

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Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
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Molecular perspectives in differentiated thyroid cancer.

C Buffet1, L Groussin2

  • 1Unité thyroïde-tumeurs endocrines, Institut d'endocrinologie E3M et Service de médecine nucléaire, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie/IUC, 83, boulevard de L'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.

Annales D'Endocrinologie
|January 31, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Next-Generation Sequencing advances thyroid cancer molecular genetics. New mutations, rearrangements, and gene expression offer insights for diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapies for radioiodine-refractory cancers.

Keywords:
BRAFMAPK pathwayNext Generation SequencingPI3K pathwaySéquençage à haut débitTERTVoie des MAPKVoie des PI3K

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular genetics
  • Cancer research
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Thyroid cancer understanding has advanced due to high-throughput sequencing.
  • Classical molecular abnormalities involve MAPK and PI3K pathways in follicular-derived thyroid tumorigenesis.
  • Recent discoveries include new somatic driver gene mutations and prognostic mutations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in molecular genetics of thyroid cancer.
  • To highlight new molecular abnormalities discovered.
  • To explore new perspectives for diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy.

Main Methods:

  • High-throughput sequencing technologies (Next-Generation Sequencing).
  • Identification of somatic driver gene point mutations (e.g., RASAL1).
  • Analysis of mutations with prognostic value (e.g., TERT promoter mutations).
  • Detection of chromosomal rearrangements (e.g., ALK).
  • Assessment of gene and microRNA expression deregulation.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of new somatic driver gene point mutations like RASAL1 in follicular cancer.
  • Identification of prognostic mutations such as TERT promoter mutations.
  • Characterization of chromosomal rearrangements, including ALK, linked to ionizing radiation.
  • Observation of gene and microRNA expression deregulation forming molecular signatures.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular genetics progress offers new diagnostic tools for thyroid nodules.
  • Refined prognosis is achievable through molecular profiling.
  • New targeted therapy strategies for radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancers are emerging.