Functionalized β-cyclodextrin based potentiometric sensor for naproxen determination.

Area of Science:

• Electroanalytical Chemistry
• Supramolecular Chemistry
• Pharmaceutical Analysis

Background:

• Development of selective and sensitive potentiometric sensors is crucial for drug analysis.
• Beta-cyclodextrins (β-CDs) are versatile host molecules with potential for creating selective ionophores.
• Naproxen, a common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, requires reliable quantification methods.

Purpose of the Study:

• To design and characterize novel potentiometric sensors for naproxen detection.
• To evaluate the performance of different neutral and anionic β-cyclodextrins as ionophores.
• To optimize the electrode membrane composition for enhanced naproxen selectivity and sensitivity.

Main Methods:

• Synthesis and characterization of various β-cyclodextrin derivatives.
• Fabrication of PVC membrane electrodes incorporating β-cyclodextrins as ionophores.
• Investigation of inclusion complex formation using Infrared (IR) spectroscopy.
• Electrochemical characterization of the sensors, including Nernstian response, linear range, detection limit, and response time.
• Evaluation of sensor performance in different pH ranges and stability over time.

Main Results:

• Several β-cyclodextrin derivatives were successfully employed in potentiometric sensors for naproxen.
• The optimal electrode membrane utilized heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-benzoyl)-β-cyclodextrin, o-nitrophenyloctyl ether, and tetraoctyl ammonium chloride.
• The optimized sensor exhibited a Nernstian slope (-59.0 mV/decade), linear range (5.0 × 10⁻⁵–1.0 × 10⁻² M), and detection limit (1.0 × 10⁻⁵ M).
• The sensor demonstrated a rapid response time (10s), operational stability over 10 months, and a wide pH range (6.2–8.5).
• Incorporation of β-cyclodextrins significantly improved selectivity against various interferents and drug excipients.

Conclusions:

• Potentiometric sensors based on tailored β-cyclodextrins provide a highly sensitive and selective method for naproxen detection.
• The developed sensor offers cost-effectiveness, accuracy, and ease of use for pharmaceutical analysis.
• The sensor is suitable for application in complex matrices such as milk samples.
• The host-guest interactions between β-cyclodextrins and naproxen are key to the sensor's enhanced performance.