Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

9.0K
Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An...
9.0K
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

4.0K
The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
4.0K
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

13.5K
The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
13.5K
Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

9.1K
The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
9.1K
Introduction to Joints00:58

Introduction to Joints

5.7K
The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no...
5.7K
Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

13.4K
The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the...
13.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

[Modified Salter innominate osteotomy in adults].

Operative Orthopadie und Traumatologie·2018
Same author

[Not Available].

Operative Orthopadie und Traumatologie·2016
Same author

[Transfer of the psoas tendon to the, at its origin detached, rectus femoris muscle in infantile cerebral palsy].

Operative Orthopadie und Traumatologie·2016
Same author

[Not Available].

Operative Orthopadie und Traumatologie·2016
Same author

[The Apophysis--underrated in theory and practice].

Der Orthopade·2016
Same author

Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica of the distal ulna: a case report and review of the literature.

European journal of medical research·2009

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Author Spotlight: Development of a Novel Finite Element Analysis Model for Improved Orthognathic Surgical Techniques
07:16

Author Spotlight: Development of a Novel Finite Element Analysis Model for Improved Orthognathic Surgical Techniques

Published on: October 20, 2023

2.0K

[The great apophyses: Functional strain and relevance].

B Heimkes1,2

  • 1Klinik für Kinderchirurgie, Sektion Kinderorthopädie, Klinikum Dritter Orden, München-Nymphenburg, Menzinger Str. 48, 80638, München, Deutschland. bernhard.heimkes@med.uni-muenchen.de.

Der Orthopade
|February 6, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Apophyses, unlike epiphyseal growth plates, do not contribute to limb length but influence joint function. These bony structures act as crucial regulators of joint mechanics and shape through muscle and tendon influences.

Keywords:
Apophyseal growth plateApophysisHeel boneHip jointKnee joint

More Related Videos

Addressing Practical Issues in Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Micro-Indentation on Human Articular Cartilage Explants
08:06

Addressing Practical Issues in Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Micro-Indentation on Human Articular Cartilage Explants

Published on: October 28, 2022

1.5K
Application of Atomic Force Microscopy to Detect Early Osteoarthritis
09:22

Application of Atomic Force Microscopy to Detect Early Osteoarthritis

Published on: May 24, 2020

9.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Author Spotlight: Development of a Novel Finite Element Analysis Model for Improved Orthognathic Surgical Techniques
07:16

Author Spotlight: Development of a Novel Finite Element Analysis Model for Improved Orthognathic Surgical Techniques

Published on: October 20, 2023

2.0K
Addressing Practical Issues in Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Micro-Indentation on Human Articular Cartilage Explants
08:06

Addressing Practical Issues in Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Micro-Indentation on Human Articular Cartilage Explants

Published on: October 28, 2022

1.5K
Application of Atomic Force Microscopy to Detect Early Osteoarthritis
09:22

Application of Atomic Force Microscopy to Detect Early Osteoarthritis

Published on: May 24, 2020

9.7K

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Developmental biology
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Apophyses and their growth plates share structural similarities with epiphyses but do not contribute to longitudinal bone growth.
  • Muscles and tendons provide formative stimuli to apophyses, influencing adjacent joint mechanics, lever arm lengths, and skeletal architecture.
  • Apophyses serve as critical regulators of joint development and function, distinct from their role in overall limb elongation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the distinct roles of apophyses in skeletal development and joint function.
  • To highlight the influence of apophyseal growth on joint stability, alignment, and biomechanics.
  • To emphasize the formative role of muscle and tendon insertions on apophyseal development.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of apophyseal and epiphyseal growth plate structures.
  • Review of biomechanical principles governing joint function and lever arm dynamics.
  • Examination of clinical implications of apophyseal growth disturbances.

Main Results:

  • The greater trochanter apophysis significantly impacts hip joint lever arm length, neck-shaft angle, and joint centration.
  • The tibial apophysis influences proximal tibial slope and knee joint sagittal stability, with growth plate damage leading to difficult-to-treat deformities.
  • The calcaneal apophysis dictates calcaneus length and position, affecting ankle joint torque and overall foot biomechanics.

Conclusions:

  • Apophyses function as critical "adjusting screws" for adjacent joints, modulating their growth, form, and structural integrity.
  • Understanding apophyseal development is essential for comprehending joint biomechanics and treating related pathologies.
  • Apophyseal contributions to joint morphology and function are significant, impacting limb kinetics and stability.