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A mole is defined as the amount of any substance that contains as many molecules as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12. An Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856) formed the  hypothesis that equal volumes of gas at equal pressure and temperature contain equal numbers of molecules, independent of the type of gas. Later, the hypothesis was developed to form the SI unit for measuring the amount of any substance.
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The number of independent ways a gas molecule can move along straight line, rotate, and vibrate is called its degrees of freedom. Supposing d represents the number of degrees of freedom of an ideal gas, the molar heat capacity at constant volume of an ideal gas in terms of d is
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For a system that undergoes a thermodynamic process at a constant volume condition, the heat absorbed is used only to increase the system's internal energy and not for doing any kind of work. While for a system undergoing a thermodynamic process under a constant pressure condition, the amount of heat absorbed is used not only for increasing the internal energy (as a function of temperature) but also for doing some work. The molar heat capacity is the amount of heat required to increase the...
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Heat capacity is the ratio of heat absorbed by the substance corresponding to its temperature change. It is also called thermal capacity and the SI unit of heat capacity is J/K. Whereas, specific heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat necessary to change the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K and is also called massic heat capacity. Its SI unit is J/kg⋅K.
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Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas01:18

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When an ideal gas is compressed adiabatically, that is, without adding heat, work is done on it, and its temperature increases. In an adiabatic expansion, the gas does work, and its temperature drops. Adiabatic compressions actually occur in the cylinders of a car, where the compressions of the gas-air mixture take place so quickly that there is no time for the mixture to exchange heat with its environment. Nevertheless, because work is done on the mixture during the compression, its...
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The motion of molecules in a gas is random in magnitude and direction for individual molecules, but a gas of many molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds. This predictable distribution of molecular speeds is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The distribution of molecular speeds in liquids is comparable to that of gases but not identical and can help to understand the phenomenon of the boiling and vapor pressure of a liquid. Consider that a molecule requires a...
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Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
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Cooling of a One-Dimensional Bose Gas.

B Rauer1, P Grišins1, I E Mazets1,2

  • 1Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria.

Physical Review Letters
|February 6, 2016
PubMed
Summary

We discovered a new cooling method for one-dimensional Bose gases, achieving low temperatures through particle loss and dephasing, not standard evaporative cooling.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Atomic physics
  • Condensed matter physics

Background:

  • Degenerate one-dimensional Bose gases lack thermalizing collisions, making standard evaporative cooling ineffective.
  • Controlling temperature in such systems is crucial for quantum research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamics of a one-dimensional Bose gas with continuous atom outcoupling.
  • To understand the mechanism behind unexpected cooling in this system.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental study of a degenerate one-dimensional Bose gas.
  • Continuous outcoupling of atoms from the system.
  • Observation of cooling effects without thermalizing collisions.

Main Results:

  • Substantial cooling observed despite the ineffectiveness of standard evaporative cooling.
  • Cooling achieved through homogeneous particle dissipation and many-body dephasing.
  • Established a scaling relation between temperature and particle number.

Conclusions:

  • Homogeneous particle dissipation and many-body dephasing provide a novel route to low temperatures in one-dimensional Bose gases.
  • The findings offer insights into quantum equilibration and temperature control in novel quantum systems.