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Nonadiabatic exchange dynamics during adiabatic frequency sweeps.

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|February 8, 2016
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Adiabatic frequency sweeps in magnetic resonance imaging are analyzed. New criteria show common sweeps may not be adiabatic for exchange processes, potentially requiring numerical methods for accurate analysis, especially in vivo.

Keywords:
Adiabatic sweepExchangeRotating frame relaxation

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Quantum Mechanics
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Bloch equations model nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal.
  • Relaxation and chemical exchange affect NMR signal dynamics.
  • Adiabatic conditions are crucial for accurate analysis of frequency-swept pulses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Analyze Bloch equations under adiabatic frequency-swept pulses with relaxation and exchange.
  • Derive new expressions for exchange-augmented rotating frame relaxation.
  • Establish criteria for adiabaticity in isochronous exchange relevant to in vivo MRI.

Main Methods:

  • Bloch equation analysis incorporating relaxation and exchange effects.
  • First-order perturbation theory for relaxation.
  • Derivation of new expressions for anisochronous and isochronous exchange.
  • Analysis of criteria for adiabatic exchange outside the extreme narrowing limit.

Main Results:

  • Relaxation can be incorporated via perturbation theory for many sweeps.
  • New expressions derived for anisochronous exchange-augmented rotating frame relaxation.
  • Criteria show common sweeps may not be adiabatic for exchange unless exchange rates >> relaxation rates.
  • Numerical integration may be needed when adiabatic criteria are not met.

Conclusions:

  • Adiabaticity of frequency-swept pulses concerning exchange is not guaranteed.
  • Experimental parameters for in vivo tissue may violate adiabatic conditions.
  • Accurate assessment of exchange dynamics in MRI requires careful consideration of adiabaticity and potentially numerical methods.