Trachoma.

Area of Science:

• Ophthalmology
• Infectious Diseases
• Public Health

Background:

• Active trachoma, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, is the leading infectious cause of blindness globally.
• It leads to conjunctival scarring, trichiasis (inward-turning eyelashes), corneal opacity, and eventual blindness.
• Trachoma is associated with poverty, poor sanitation, and overcrowding, primarily affecting children but with adults at higher risk for scarring.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review the effects of interventions aimed at preventing scarring trachoma by reducing the prevalence of active infection.
• To answer the clinical question: What are the most effective interventions for preventing trachoma scarring?

Main Methods:

• A systematic overview of existing evidence was conducted.
• Searches were performed across major databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library) up to December 2014.
• Included studies were systematically appraised, with a GRADE evaluation for nine PICO combinations.

Main Results:

• 170 studies were initially retrieved, with 35 full publications undergoing detailed evaluation.
• Three existing systematic reviews were updated, and one new systematic review and two RCTs were added.
• The efficacy of nine PICO combinations was assessed using the GRADE methodology.

Conclusions:

• The study categorized the efficacy of seven distinct interventions for trachoma prevention.
• Interventions evaluated included antibiotics, face washing (with or without topical tetracycline), and fly control measures.
• Fly control strategies encompassed provision of pit latrines and insecticide use, with or without concurrent antibiotic administration, alongside health education.