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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy
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Mammalian Autophagy: How Does It Work?

Carla F Bento1, Maurizio Renna1, Ghita Ghislat1

  • 1Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom;

Annual Review of Biochemistry
|February 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autophagy is a cellular process for clearing damaged components. Understanding its molecular regulation and membrane dynamics offers therapeutic potential for various diseases.

Keywords:
autophagosome biogenesisautophagyendocytosislysosomemembrane traffickingstructural biology

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Autophagy is a fundamental cellular process conserved across species.
  • It involves the degradation of cytoplasmic components, including organelles and pathogens, via lysosomes.
  • Dysregulation of autophagy is implicated in numerous diseases, suggesting therapeutic relevance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the cell and molecular biology of mammalian autophagy.
  • To discuss key regulatory proteins and their posttranslational modifications.
  • To explore membrane-trafficking events and autophagosome biogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on mammalian autophagy.
  • Analysis of key regulatory proteins and their functions.
  • Examination of membrane dynamics and structural biology data.

Main Results:

  • Detailed discussion of proteins regulating autophagy.
  • Insights into how posttranslational modifications affect autophagy.
  • Exploration of autophagosome membrane origins and trafficking.

Conclusions:

  • Autophagy is a critical pathway with significant implications for human health.
  • Understanding its molecular mechanisms is key to developing therapeutic strategies.
  • Structural and mechanistic insights continue to advance the field.