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SUN2 Overexpression Deforms Nuclear Shape and Inhibits HIV.

Daniel A Donahue1,2, Sonia Amraoui3,2, Francesca di Nunzio4,5

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SUN2 protein overexpression inhibits certain HIV strains by altering nuclear shape and blocking early replication steps, involving the viral capsid and cyclophilin A. This finding reveals new links between nuclear structure and viral infection dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • SUN2, an inner nuclear membrane protein, was previously identified in screens as a potential inhibitor of HIV-1 infection.
  • The precise mechanism by which SUN2 influences HIV infection remained uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of SUN2 in HIV infection and its underlying molecular mechanisms.
  • To investigate the relationship between SUN2 overexpression, nuclear morphology, and viral replication.

Main Methods:

  • Overexpression of SUN2 in various cell lines and primary cells.
  • Analysis of HIV-1 and HIV-2 replication kinetics.
  • Genetic manipulation including gene silencing, site-directed mutagenesis of viral capsid protein, and chemical inhibition of cyclophilin A.
  • Microscopy to assess nuclear shape changes.

Main Results:

  • SUN2 overexpression specifically inhibits certain strains of HIV-1 and HIV-2, but not other viruses like MLV or CHIKV.
  • The inhibitory effect occurs early in the viral life cycle, between reverse transcription and nuclear entry.
  • SUN2 overexpression induces significant alterations in nuclear shape, forming multilobular flower-like nuclei, without affecting cell viability.
  • Resistance to SUN2-mediated inhibition can arise from single-amino-acid mutations in the HIV capsid protein.
  • The nucleoplasmic domain of SUN2, interacting with the nuclear lamina, is crucial for both nuclear shape changes and HIV inhibition.
  • Cyclophilin A (CypA) plays a role in the SUN2-imposed block to HIV infection.

Conclusions:

  • SUN2 overexpression acts as a specific antiviral factor against certain HIV strains by interfering with early replication steps.
  • Nuclear shape alterations induced by SUN2 are linked to its inhibitory function against HIV.
  • The findings highlight a novel interplay between nuclear architecture, SUN2, cyclophilin A, and HIV capsid in controlling viral infection.