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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Neurons are the main type of cell in the nervous system that generate and transmit electrochemical signals. They primarily communicate with each other using neurotransmitters at specific junctions called synapses. Neurons come in many shapes that often relate to their function, but most share three main structures: an axon and dendrites that extend out from a cell body.
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Glia, or neuroglia, are vital support cells that assist neurons in their functions. The term "glia" originates from the Greek word for "glue," reflecting their role in holding the nervous system together. These cells can be categorized into six types: four in the central nervous system (CNS) and two in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
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Brain and Retinal Pericytes: Origin, Function and Role.

Andrea Trost1, Simona Lange2, Falk Schroedl3

  • 1Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and OptometrySalzburg, Austria; Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria.

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Pericytes stabilize blood vessels and regulate blood flow, crucial for brain and retinal health. Pericyte loss contributes to diseases like diabetic retinopathy, highlighting their therapeutic potential.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Pericytes are mural cells on capillaries, vital for homeostasis.
  • They regulate blood flow, angiogenesis, and form the blood-brain/retina barrier.
  • Central nervous system (CNS) pericytes are heterogeneous and modulate niche properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review CNS pericyte origin and function, focusing on the retina.
  • To highlight pericyte roles in healthy and diseased states, including diabetic retinopathy.
  • To explore pericyte potential in regenerative therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current research on pericytes.
  • Focus on pericyte biology in the central nervous system and retina.
  • Analysis of pericyte involvement in disease pathogenesis and regeneration.

Main Results:

  • Pericytes are essential for microvascular stability and function.
  • Pericyte deficiency is implicated in diseases like diabetic retinopathy.
  • CNS pericytes exhibit multipotent differentiation potential.

Conclusions:

  • Pericytes are key players in CNS homeostasis and disease.
  • Understanding pericyte function is critical for treating neurovascular and retinal disorders.
  • Pericytes represent a promising target for regenerative medicine.