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Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI
Published on: July 12, 2012
[Early Detection of Manganese Intoxication Based on Occupational History and T1-weighted MRI]
Toshio Fukutake1, Hajime Yano, Ryutaro Kushida
1Department of Neurology, Kameda Medical Center.
Abstract:
Manganese regulates many enzymes and is essential for normal cell function. Chronic manganese intoxication has an insidious and progressive course terminating to atypical parkinsonism with little therapeutic efficacy. For subjects with chronic manganese exposure such as welders, manganese intoxication can be detected early based on the presence of hyperintensity in the globus pallidus on T(1)-weighted MRI and abnormally high urinary excretion of manganese with a chelating agent even in cases of normal serum/urine level of manganese.
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