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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
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Molecular features of cellular reprogramming and development.

Zachary D Smith1, Camille Sindhu2, Alexander Meissner3

  • 1Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Direct reprogramming allows scientists to convert specialized cells into other cell types, revealing insights into cell identity and development. This method bypasses challenges of earlier techniques, aiding studies on transcriptional and epigenetic regulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cellular Reprogramming
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Somatic cells differentiate into specialized types during development but can be reprogrammed.
  • Early methods like somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) had technical limitations.
  • Direct reprogramming offers a simpler approach to study cell identity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how direct reprogramming aids in understanding cell identity.
  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms controlling cell specification and differentiation.
  • To examine the role of transcriptional and epigenetic regulation in cell fate.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing direct reprogramming by ectopic expression of transcription factors.
  • Analyzing transcriptional regulation during cell fate transitions.
  • Investigating epigenetic modifications associated with cell identity.

Main Results:

  • Direct reprogramming provides a tractable model for studying cell identity.
  • This method facilitates dissection of regulatory programs governing cell specification.
  • Insights into cell type stability and pluripotency have been gained.

Conclusions:

  • Direct reprogramming is a powerful tool for uncovering mechanisms of cell identity.
  • Understanding transcriptional and epigenetic control is key to cell fate.
  • This approach advances research in developmental biology and regenerative medicine.