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Related Concept Videos

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Human Virome01:26

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The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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[Human polyomaviruses].

Miroslav Fajfr1, Vlasta Štěpánová, Lenka Plíšková

  • 1Institute of Clinical microbiology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Hradec Kralove Czech Republic,

Klinicka Mikrobiologie a Infekcni Lekarstvi
|February 18, 2016
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This summary is machine-generated.

Human polyomaviruses, including JC and BK viruses, are increasingly recognized beyond their roles as pathogens. Recent discoveries reveal new human polyomaviruses, some linked to diseases and others part of the normal microbiome.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Polyomaviruses are a viral family with significant recent research interest.
  • For 35 years, JC and BK viruses were the only known human polyomaviruses, primarily affecting immunocompromised individuals.
  • The discovery of WU and KI polyomaviruses in 2007 marked a turning point, initiating the identification of numerous other human strains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current knowledge on all identified human polyomaviruses.
  • To provide basic information on the characteristics and associations of these viruses.
  • To highlight the evolving understanding of polyomavirus diversity and impact.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications on human polyomaviruses.
  • Compilation of data on identified polyomavirus strains, their discovery dates, and associated conditions.
  • Synthesis of information regarding pathogenicity and microbiome association.

Main Results:

  • Since 2007, multiple new human polyomaviruses have been discovered, expanding the known viral family.
  • Some newly identified polyomaviruses are associated with specific diseases, such as Merkel cell carcinoma.
  • Other polyomaviruses appear to be commensal, existing as part of the normal human skin and mucosal microbiome.

Conclusions:

  • The landscape of human polyomaviruses is far more diverse than previously understood.
  • Ongoing research is crucial to determine the pathogenicity and clinical significance of newly discovered polyomaviruses.
  • Human polyomaviruses represent a complex group with roles ranging from disease causation to symbiotic existence within the human microbiome.