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Different notations are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of molecules on two-dimensional surfaces. One of the most commonly used representations is the dash-wedge formula. The dashed wedges, solid wedges, and the plane lines indicate the groups situated behind the plane, coming out of the plane, and in the plane, respectively.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Optimized Fabrication Procedure for High-Quality Graphene-based Moiré Superlattice Devices

Optimized Fabrication Procedure for High-Quality Graphene-based Moiré Superlattice Devices

Published on: July 11, 2025

Interfacial Atomic Structure of Twisted Few-Layer Graphene.

Ryo Ishikawa¹, Nathan R Lugg¹, Kazutoshi Inoue²

¹Institute of Engineering Innovation, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.

Scientific Reports

|February 19, 2016

Summary

Determining the atomic structure of twisted few-layer graphene is key to its unique properties. Low-angle annular dark-field electron microscopy directly reveals moiré superstructures, enabling precise control of graphene

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Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures

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Published on: May 15, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Twisted bi- or few-layer graphene exhibits unique physical properties due to broken local symmetry.
Understanding the atomic structure is crucial for controlling graphene's functional properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To directly determine the atomic structure of twisted few-layer graphene.
To establish a reliable method for analyzing moiré superstructures in 2D materials.

Main Methods:

Combining low-angle annular dark-field electron microscopy (LAADF-STEM) with image simulations.
Parameterizing moiré superstructures by twist angle and lattice constant.

Main Results:

Directly determined the atomic structure of twisted few-layer graphene.
Demonstrated the method's accuracy even with experimental errors.
Showed that in-plane translation is not a significant structure parameter for twisted graphene.

Conclusions:

LAADF-STEM is a powerful tool for atomic structure determination in 2D materials.
The developed method accurately characterizes twisted few-layer graphene, including bilayer and few-layered structures.
This facilitates the understanding and control of graphene's emergent properties.